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Chinese learning 漢学 kangaku study of the Chinese classics
kango 漢語 words of Chinese origin
江戸漢学の世界 / 徳田武著
Japanese poets, including the haiku poets, were well versed in the Chinese classics.
Bai Juyi, Bo Juyi, Po Chü-i 白居易 (Haku Kyoi はく きょい)
(772–846) Po Chu-i
. Confucius 孔子 Kooshi, Koshi .
Koofuushi 孔夫子, Kung Tzu, Kung Fu Tzu, Kung Fu Zi, Kǒng fū zǐ.
also called - Sekiten 釈奠 or Sekisai 釈菜
. Du Fu, Tu-Fu 杜甫 (To Ho と ほ).
(712 - 770)
. Hanshan and Shide 寒山拾得 Kanzan and Jittoku .
Huang Tingjiang 黄庭堅 (Koo Teiken こう ていけん)
(1045–1105)
. Li Bo, Li Po, Li Bai 李白 (Ri Haku （り はく) .
(701 - 762)
. Mozi (Mo-Tzu), Mo Di 墨子 (Bokushi) .
(460- 380 BC ?)
Su Shi 蘇軾 (So Shoku そ しょく)
Su Dongpo, Su Dungpo 蘇東坡 (So Toba そ とうば)
Dongpo Jushi (東坡居士) （1036―1101）
. . . a Chinese writer, poet, painter, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome, and a statesman of the Song Dynasty (960–1279).
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The Chinese background and roots of Japanese kigo
. Chinese Poets, Scholars and Matsuo Basho .
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. Chinese Medicine 漢方 Kanpo, Kampo .
kanpooyaku 漢方薬 Kanpoyaku, medicine from China
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yoogaku 洋学 Yogaku, "Western Learning"
Many young doctors went to Nagasaki to study
. rangaku 蘭學 / 蘭学 Dutch learning .
science from oranda オランダ / 阿蘭陀 Holland
漢学と洋学 伝統と新知識のはざまで Kangaku to Yogaku
岸田知子
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Bian Que (Chinese: 扁鹊; pinyin: Biǎn Què) died 310 BC)
(also pronounced Bian Qiao, Wade–Giles: Pien Ch'iao; )
was, according to legend, the earliest known Chinese physician.
His real name is said to be Qin Yueren (秦越人), but his medical skills were so amazing that the people gave him the same name as the legendary doctor Bian Que, from the time of the Yellow Emperor. He was a native of the State of Qi.
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Guan Yu (died 220)
courtesy name Yunchang, was a general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He played a significant role in the civil war that led to the collapse of the dynasty and the establishment of the state of Shu Han – founded by Liu Bei – in the Three Kingdoms period.
one of the best known Chinese historical figures throughout East Asia . . .
Guan Yu was once injured in the left arm by a stray arrow, which pierced through his arm. Although the wound had healed, he would experience pain in the bone whenever there was a heavy downpour. The physician Hua Tuo (see below) told him,
"The arrowhead had poison on it and the poison had seeped into the bone. The way to get rid of this problem is to cut open your arm and scrape away the poison in your bone."
Guan Yu then stretched out his arm and asked the physician to heal him. He then invited his subordinates to dine with him while the surgery was being performed. Blood flowed from his arm into a container below. Throughout the operation, Guan Yu feasted and drank wine and chatted with his men as though nothing had happened. . .
Guan Yu was deified as early as the Sui dynasty (581–618), and is still popularly worshipped today among the Chinese people.
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Han Tuitzhi - (768 - 824)
"Should I become prime minister and heal the realm, or should I become a physician and save others in acute need?"
Han Yu - (768–824)
(traditional Chinese: 韓愈; simplified Chinese: 韩愈; pinyin: Hán Yù; Wade–Giles : Han Yü) , born in Nanyang, Henan, China, was a precursor of Neo-Confucianism as well as an essayist and poet, during the Tang dynasty.
He gained his first central government position in 802, but was soon exiled . . .
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Hua Tuo (c. 140–208)
courtesy name Yuanhua, was an ancient Chinese physician who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
The name Hua Tuo combines the Chinese surname Hua (華, lit. "magnificent; China") with the uncommon Chinese given name Tuo (Wade–Giles: To; 佗 ["hunchback"] or 陀 ["steep hill"]). He was also known as Hua Fu (尃, "apply [powder/ointment/etc.]"), and his courtesy name was Yuanhua (元化, "Primal Transformation").
The historical texts Records of the Three Kingdoms and Book of the Later Han record Hua as the first person in China to use anaesthesia during surgery. He used a general anaesthetic combining wine with a herbal concoction called máfèisàn (麻沸散, lit. "cannabis boil powder"). Besides being respected for expertise in surgery and anaesthesia, Hua Tuo was famous for his abilities in acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, and medical Daoyin exercises. He developed the Wuqinxi (Wade–Giles: Wu-chin-hsi; 五禽戲; lit. "Exercise of the Five Animals") from studying movements of the tiger, deer, bear, ape, and crane.
In Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo supposedly healed the general Guan Yu, who had been struck with a poisoned arrow during the Battle of Fancheng in 219. Hua Tuo offered to anaesthetise Guan Yu, but he simply laughed that he was not afraid of pain. Hua Tuo used a knife to cut the flesh from Guan Yu's arm and scrape the poison from the bone, and the sounds chilled all those who heard them. During this excruciating treatment, Guan Yu continued to play a game of weiqi with Ma Liang without flinching from pain.
When later asked by Ma Liang, Guan Yu said that he feigned being unhurt to keep the morale of the army high. After Hua Tuo's successful operation, Guan Yu allegedly rewarded him with a sumptuous banquet, and offered a present of 100 ounces of gold, but he refused, saying that a doctor's duty was curing patients, not making profits. Despite the historical fact that Hua Tuo died in 208, a decade before Guan Yu fought the Battle of Fancheng, this storied operation is a popular artistic theme.
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- Reference -
世事見聞録 - Lust, Commerce, and Corruption:
An Account of What I Have Seen and Heard, by an Edo Samurai
- Beginning with warriors and farmers, he moves on to temple and shrine clergy, doctors, the guild of the blind, townspeople, rice agents, prostitutes, brothel keepers, actors, outcasts and more, outlining the position of each group within the larger society.
. Buyo Inshi 武陽隠士 .
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Chinese Learning (kangaku) in Meiji Japan (1868–1912)
Margaret Mehl
Japan’s development since the middle of the nineteenth century is usually summarized under the headings ‘modernization’ and ‘westernization’. Such a perspective neglects the importance of indigenous traditions in the shaping of modern Japan, including Chinese learning (kangaku), which had been thoroughly assimilated and had formed the basis of the dominant ideology in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). The leaders of the Meiji restoration of 1868 all had a kangaku education and their ideas were strongly influenced by it.
Kangaku continued to play a dominant role in Japanese culture until well into the Meiji period and did not fall into decline until the mid-1890s. The main reason for this was not contempt for contemporary China in the wake of the Sino-Japanese war (1894-5), as has been argued, but the new national education system which stressed western knowledge. It was not a sign of waning interest in China, but of new forms this interest took. China became the object of new academic disciplines, including tōyōshi (East Asian history), which applied western methods and a new interpretative framework to the study of China.
- source : onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi
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kokugaku 國學 / 国学 - lit. National study
was a National revival, or school of Japanese philology and philosophy originating during the Tokugawa period. Kokugaku scholars worked to refocus Japanese scholarship away from the then-dominant study of Chinese, Confucian, and Buddhist texts in favor of research into the early Japanese classics.
The word 'Kokugaku', coined to distinguish this school from kangaku (Chinese studies), was popularized by Hirata Atsutane in the 19th century. I
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唐本は駕籠に乗る時ばかり入れ
toohon wa kago ni noru toki bakari ire
they show books from China
only when they sit
in their palanquin
This makes fun of the "learned" folk in Edo, who liked to show off their wisdom buy just showing the books.
It was especially true of some medical doctors.
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. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .
. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売 - Introduction .
. senryu, senryū 川柳 Senryu poems in Edo .
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- #kangaku #kanpo #chineselearning
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