taika great fires

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .
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taika 江戸の大火 Edo no Taika "Great Fires of Edo"



During the Edo period, when people lived closely in wooden homes and used open fire for cooking, fires were especially terrible.
Fire and fighting are the flowers of Edo (kaji to kenka wa Edo no hana)
is an old proverb of these dangerous times.

hatsu kaji 初火事 first fire
The first fire of the new year is often seen as a bringer of bad luck, if it happens during the first three days of the New Year.

Matsuo Basho's first "Basho Hut (Bashoo An 芭蕉庵" burned down, on January 25, 1683.

. WKD : kaji 火事 fire .
hi no ban　火の番 on the lookout for fire
machibikeshi, machi hikeshi 町火消し local fire brigade
hi no yoojin 火の用心 fire prevention goods

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江戸の火事と火消 / 山本純美

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Fires in Edo
were fires which occurred in Edo (江戸), now Tokyo, during the Edo period. The city of Edo was characterized by frequent great fires as the saying "Fires and quarrels are the flowers of Edo" goes.
Even in the modern days, the old Edo was still remembered as the "City of Fires" (「火災都市」). The city was something of a rarity in the world, as vast urban areas of Edo were repeatedly leveled by fire. The great fires of Edo were compared to the Chinese gods of fire Shukuyū (祝融) and Kairoku (回禄), and also humorously described as "autumn leaves".
..... During the 267 years between 1601 (Keichō 6), the year after the Battle of Sekigahara (関ヶ原の戦い), and 1867 (Keiō 3), the year of Taisei Hōkan (大政奉還, literally "return of sovereignty"), Edo was struck by 49 great fires.
..... The strong winter monsoon from the north was a meteorological condition unique to Edo. It contributed to many winter and spring fires that occurred in dry weather brought about by prevailing northwest and north winds.....

December 26, 1601 / 6 Keicho/11
March 10or11, 1641 / 8 Kan-ei/1/29or30 - Oke-machi Fire 桶町火事
March 2–3, 1657 / 3 Meireki/1/18-19 - Great Fire of Meireki 明暦の大火
January 25, 1683 / 2 Tenna/12/28 - Great Fire of Tenna 天和の大火
October 9, 1698 / 11 Genroku/9/6 - Chokugaku Fire 勅額火事
December 25, 1704 / 16 Genroku/11/29 - Mito-sama Fire 水戸様火事
March 14, 1745 / 2 Enkyo/2/12 - Rokudō Fire 六道火事
March 22, 1760 / 10 Horeki/2/6 - Hōreki Fire 宝暦の大火
April 1, 1772 / 9 Meiwa/2/29 - Great Fire of Meiwa 明和の大火
April 22, 1806 / 3 Bunka/3/4 - Great Fire of Bunka 文化の大火
April 24, 1829 / 12 Bunsei/3/21 - Great Fire of Bunsei 文政の大火 / 江戸神田佐久間町の大火 Great fire in Sakumacho 1829
. March 16, 1834 / 5 Tempo/2/7 - Kōgo Fire 甲午火事 - and Sakuma Fire .
March 2, 1845 / 2 Koka/1/24 - Aoyama Fire 青山火事
November 11, 1855 / 2 Ansei/10/2 - Earthquake Fire 地震火事

Tokugawa shogunate's fire prevention measures
Firefighting organizations
- machibikeshi (町火消, chōnin firefighters).
- buke hikeshi (武家火消 samurai firefighters)
-- daimyō hikeshi (大名火消, daimyo firefighters) and
-- jōbikeshi (定火消, hatamoto firefighters).

Anti-arson measures
- Hitsuke tōzoku aratame 火付盗賊改方

Urban planning - fire barrier zones
- Hiyokechi 火除地 and hirokōji 広小路
- Fire-resistant and fireproof structures
- Prohibitions and fire alert orders
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Meireki no Taika 明暦の大火 Great Fire of Meireki
March 2–3, 1657 / 3 Meireki/1/18-19
... also known as the Furisode Fire, destroyed 60–70% of the Japanese capital city of Edo (now Tokyo) on March 2, 1657, the third year of the Meireki Imperial era. The fire lasted for three days, and is estimated to have claimed over 100,000 lives.
Legend
The fire was said to have been started accidentally by a priest who was cremating an allegedly cursed kimono. The kimono had been owned in succession by three teenage girls who all died before ever being able to wear it. When the garment was being burned, a large gust of wind fanned the flames causing the wooden temple to ignite.
. . . . . On the 24th day of the new year, six days after the fire began, monks and others began to transport the bodies of those killed down the Sumida River to Honjo, Sumida,_Tokyo, a community on the eastern side of the river. There, pits were dug and the bodies buried; the Ekō-in (Hall of Prayer for the Dead) was then built on the site.
. . . . . Under the guidance of Rōjū Matsudaira Nobutsuna 松平信綱, streets were widened and some districts replanned and reorganized
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Matsudaira Nobutsuna 松平信綱 (1596 – 1662)
was a Japanese daimyo of the early Edo period, who ruled the Kawagoe Domain. First serving Tokugawa Iemitsu as a page, Nobutsuna was renowned for his sagacity. He was named a rōjū in 1633. Nobutsuna led the shogunal forces to their final victory over the rebellion at Shimabara. His court title was Izu no Kami, which was the origin of his nickname, "Izu the Wise" (知恵伊豆 Chie Izu).
. . . . . In his later years, he joined senior Tokugawa officials such as Hoshina Masayuki in supporting the underaged 4th shogun, Ietsuna. With Hoshina he planned how to rebuilt the town of Edo after the great fire.
. . . . . Shogun Ietsuna calls him "as ugly as a toad".
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


The bridge 両国橋 Ryogokubashi across the　隅田川 Sumida river was constructed on request of Hoshina and Matsudaira to provide an escape road for the townspeople. The land on the other side soon thrived as a popular amusement district, as did many other of the newly built hirokooji　広小路 Hirokoji, Wide Roads, which provided space for yatai 屋台 stalls and evening business.

. Ryoogokubashi 両国橋　 Ryogokubashi bridge .


The 天守閣　tenshukaku tower of Edo castle was also lost during the Meireki fire.
It was not rebuilt any more, to express the lasting peace of the Tokugawa bakufu and the money was spent to rebuilt the town. The gates at the other bridges of Edo were also kept open for free transportation and trade in Edo, thus improving the life of the citizens. This also expressed the now lasting peace of the Bakufu, showing that a castle for war defense was no longer needed.

. Edo joo 江戸城 Edojo, Edo Castle .

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October 9, 1698 - Chokugaku Fire 勅額火事
Also called 元禄江戸大火 or 中堂火事
It started from Kyobashi and by a southern wind spread fast. Soon it came down from Surugadai to Shitaya 下谷、Kanda Myojin Shita 神田明神下 and 湯島天神下 Yushima Tenjin Shita.
Then to 下谷池之端 Shitaya Ikenohata and on to Asakusa. It was stopped by a great rain after 22 hours.
More than 3000 dead.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

. Shitaya 下谷 and modern Taitō-ku 台東区 Taito Ward .

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April 22, 1806 - Great Fire of Bunka 文化の大火
文化3年3月4日
Also called 丙寅の大火 or 車町火事 or 牛町火事.
It started in 車町, passed the Kamiyashiki of the Satsuma clan.
It destroyed much of the Ryogoku, Kyobashi and Nihonbashi districts of Edo, and on to Kanda and Asakusa.
Next day came a great rain and the fire extinguished.
More than 1200 dead.

. Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 and the Shitaya Fire Haiku .
Issa lived in 下谷 Shitaya at that time.

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Ueno Hirokoji / Shitaya / Yamashita
The area around the present day Ueno Park (the former Kan'ei-ji Temple).
Ueno Hirokoji is the area from the entrance to present day Ueno Park to Matsuzakaya.
After the Great Fire of Meireki (1657), the street width was widened and the area was made into a firebreak. This was a shopping quarter lined with grocery stores, restaurants and other shops along the route of the Onarimichi (a special road used by the imperial family, regents and advisers and the shogun) successive Shoguns throughout history when they went to worship at the Kan'ei-ji Temple.
At the intersection of the present day Chuo St. and Shinobazu St. the Shinobu-gawa River flowed, and there were 3 bridges over it so the area was called Mihashi (three bridges). Matsuzakaya and Mihashi were both pictured in nishiki-e.
Shitaya refers to a section on the east side of Kan'ei-ji Temple (present day Ueno Park), and the name (lower valley) was in reference to Ueno, which was a plateau.
Yamashita (below mountain) refers to being beneath Toeizan. It was located in the area within the present day JR Ueno Station building and the plaza in front of the station. In 1737 it was made into a firebreak after a fire, and became an amusement district with stores and entertainment booths rather than a residential area.
- reference source : ndl.go.jp/landmarks/e/sights -

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Three Great Fires of Edo 江戸の三大大火

Meireki 明暦の大火
Meguro Gyooninzaka 目黒行人坂の大火 Meguro Gyoninzaka (Meiwa no taika)
Hinoe Tora 丙寅の大火 (Bunka no taika)


- source : gakken.co.jp/kagakusouken -

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Meguro Gyōnin-zaka slope and Fuji 目黒行人坂冨士

Gyōnin-zaka is a steep slope at Shimo-Meguro, Meguro Ward.
The slope was so named because ascetics from Mt.Yudonosan in Ushū (Yamagata Prefecture)
built a Dainichinyorai-do hall there. ("gyōnin" means "ascetic".)
- source : Tokyo Metropolitan Museum -

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

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Tokyo 文京区 Bunkyo Ward

. The Fire at 伝通院 Temple Denzu-In, Dentsu-In .

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Tokyo 中央区 Chuo Ward

At the Great Bunsei Fire on there was a shop sign that did not burn.
Near the origin of the fire, there was a small hut that did not burn.

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Tokyo 練馬区 Nerima

kitsune 狐 the fox
There lives an old fox in the temple. When he called out, he warned people of a fire, so three or four times a great fire could be averted. He is therefore called

火消稲荷 Fire-extinguishing Inari
a form of hi no kami inari 火の神稲荷, Inari as a Fire Deity.

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Tokyo 西多摩郡 Nishi-Tama district 檜原村 Hinohara village

akai kami 赤い紙 a red paper
A poorly looking traveler was refused to stay over night.
The traveler went to the outskirts of the village, folded a red paper and let it fly.
The paper flew to the home where the traveler had been refused and caused a fire.
Many other homes also burned down that night in a large fire.

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Tokyo 品川区 Shinagawa ward

O-Koojin sama お荒神様 the Venerable Kojin Deity
Once there was a fire in a shopping area in front of Shinagawa station.
A man took a small sancutary of the Kojin Deity, placed it on the roof in the direction of the fire and opened the doors of the sanctuary.
Soon the wind changed direction and the fire stopped at his neighbours house.
. Kojin, Aragami 荒神と伝説 Legends about the Aragami deity .

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- source : nichibun yokai database -

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. taika 大火と伝説 Legends about big fires in Japan .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


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[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #edobakufu ##taika #greatfiresinedo #edofires #fire #gyoninzaka - - - -
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shokunin - craftsmen

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. Traditional Crafts of Edo - Tokyo .
. - - - - - ABC List of Edo craftsmen　江戸の職人 - - - - - .
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shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker
takumi 匠 master craftsman
watari shokunin 渡り職人 wandering craftsman

. - - - - - ABC List of Edo craftsmen　江戸の職人 - - - - - .

. shokunin 職人と伝説 legends about craftsmen, artisans, Handwerker .

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shinookooshoo 士農工商 Shinokosho - the four social classes of
warriors, farmers, craftsmen, and merchants

. mibun seido 身分制度 status system, Klassensystem .


Edo shokunin zushoo 江戸職人図聚 by 三谷一馬


After Tokugawa Ieyasu established his capital in Edo, he invited many skillful craftsmen to come here, build the castle, temples, shrines and mansions of the daimyo Lords in an act to fulfill their "duty to the country" (kuniyaku, kokuyaku 国役). Many official construction works were kuniyaku-bushin 国役普請, many of them comprising flood control works.
After the great fires which often hit the growing town, rebuilding was done by the carpenters and craftsmen.
One of the major center of craftsmen established by Ieyasu was Kanda 神田, where some street names remain to our day.
The craftsmen of Kanda had one passion - the annual Kanda festival.
The important supervisors of a guild, tooryoo 棟梁 Toryo had to organize the craftsmen in their districts and report to the Bakufu government.

. Kanda matsuri 神田祭 Kanda Festival - Introduction .
at the shrine 神田明神 Kanda Myojin

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One of the great customers of skillful craftsmen were the more than 1000 women living in Ooku　大奥, Oku, the Harem of the Shogun. They bought only the best of everything available.
The leader of a group of craftsmen working for the Bakufu government was called
goyootashi 御用達, castle-town merchants.
Craftsmen who did not want to be bound too much by the rules of government eventually moved out to other parts of Edo and worked on their own for the neighbourhood.

The leader of a group of craftsmen was generally called
oyakata 親方 boss, foreman, master craftsman leader
- - - - - not to mix with
. oyabun 親分　boss, gang leader, godfather .

A boy of about 10 years entered the workshop of an Oyakata to learn the craft, for more than 10 years (dechibooko 丁稚奉公 - a kind of apprenticeship) before he was given work to do by himself. He lived in the house of the Oyakata and took part is the "family life" of the group of workers. He got no money, just free food and lodging at the house.
When he had learned all the tricks of the trade and was ready to establish himself, he had to work another one year for free "to show his gratitude" (御礼奉公), before the Oyakata set him free.

Before doing some work the craftsman had to haggle about the price for a bit of work with his client,
temadori 手間取.
Despite working hard, most craftsmen earned just enough to get by day by day. The only wealthy ones were the Oyakata.
But since there were many fires in Edo, the craftsmen were always necessary to produce new things for the homes and had work enough to live by. They preferred to spend their daily earnings soon in the evening and not put much savings on the side.
yoigoshi no zeni wa mottainai 宵越しの銭は持たない
small change should not be kept over night
“An Edoite will not keep his earnings overnight”

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source and more :　ameblo.jp/edo-sanpo

Craftsmen working at home were called ijoku, ishoku 居職.
They mostly made the items people used in daily life. They made things when they got an order from a family and made some extra things to sell on the spot or engage a peddler selling them. He could take a price he saw fit for his work, hoping the client would pay, otherwise haggle for a bit.

Craftsmen going out to work were called dejoku, deshoku 出職.
They went to the home of a client to work. The three most important deshoku for construction works 普請三職 were
daiku 大工 carpenter, shakan 左官 wall plasterer and tobi 鳶 construction workers.

A craftsman making tools and things was often calle called ...shi　師, while the vendor of his products was called ...ya　屋.

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Edo no waza to takumi 江戸の技と匠 The skilled craftsmen of Edo

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shokuninmachi 職人町 district with craftsmen, a part of Edo
. EDO - machi, choo 　町 town and village 　 .

Various "villages" for the craftsmen of the same type. Some names still exist in Tokyo,
others have disappeared from the modern map.
(choo 町 can also be read machi)


konyachoo 紺屋町 dyeing cloth
nabechoo 鍋町 making pots and pans (Kanda)
norimonochoo 乗物町 making kago and mikoshi palanquins
..... kitanorimonochoo 北乗物町
renjakuchoo 連雀町　making backpack luggage carriers 　（renjaku is a waxwing bird)
roosokuchoo　蠟燭町　 wax candle makers
nushichoo 塗師町 laquer workers
sudachoo 須田町 making fruit sweets
shinkokuchoo　新石町 stone masons
shirakabechoo 白壁町　"making white walls" plasterers
Shiroganecho,白金町 (ginchoo 銀町/ shinshiroganechoo　新銀町 making silver craft items

. Kajichoo, Kajimachi 千代田区 鍛冶町 "Blacksmith district" in Chiyoda
Kajiyachoo, Kajiyamachi 神田 鍛冶屋町 in Kanda (Chiyoda) .

. Kanda daikuchoo　神田　大工町 carpenter district in Kanda .

. Kijichoo 雉子町 "pheasant district", wood-craft artisans .

. Konyachoo, Konyachō 神田紺屋町 Kanda Konya-Cho
Konyamachi, district for indigo cloth dyers .
- 土屋五郎右衛門　Tsuchiya Goroemon


駅名で読む江戸・東京 / 大石学

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo .


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お江戸の職人(エリート)素朴な大疑問 / 中江克己 Nakae Katsumi

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Bamboo Yards, Kyōbashi Bridge
京橋竹がし　Kyôbashi Takegashi
Utagawa Hiroshige


Kyoobashi 京橋 Kyobashi Bridge "Kyoto Bridge" district
. Chūō ku 中央区 Chuo Ward "Central Ward" .

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Kyobashi - Home of Edo's Craftsmen
The Tokaido is the main highway between Edo and Western Japan. Here in the downtown area of the city, though, it looks like just one more busy city street. As we get closer to the center of town, the streets which cross the Tokaido become broader and the buildings that line the streets become larger and more imposing. Most of the buildings on the main roads are large stores or the homes some of the city's more prosperous merchants. Kyobashi is the general name given to a large area of low-lying land that makes up one of the key commercial districts of Edo. The district occupies the flat land immediately to the West of Edo castle, and is an important center of the city's economy.
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However, the reason why Kyobashi is such an important part of Edo's economy is that many communities of craftsmen and artisans live in the area. The people who practice each type of craft tend to gather together in certain neighborhoods, and for this reason, many neighborhoods in the Kyobashi area are named after the type of craftsmen who live there.
A few examples are:

Tatami-machi -- Mat-maker's village
Oke-machi -- Bucket-maker's village
Minami Daiku-machi -- South carpenter's village
Minami Kaji-machi -- South blacksmith's village
Teppo-machi -- Gunsmith's village

Probably the most famous of these areas is "Ginza", the location of the Shogun's mint. Gin-za takes its name from the silver mints located in a cluster of buildings just to the southeast of the Shogun's castle. The artisans who work in these silver shops belong to one of just three authorized silver mints in the country -- one in Edo, one in Sakai (Osaka) and one on Sado island -- home of the country's most productive gold and silver mines. The area also contains many smaller shops manned by artisans from the same silver guild, who turn out silver jewelry and decorative items. A few minutes walk to the north, also bordering the grounds of Edo castle, is the gold mint or Kin-za, and further away, near the shores of Edo bay, is the Zeni-za, or copper mint. Like the Gin-za, the gold and copper mints are strictly licensed by the Shogun, and only a few exist nationwide.



- snip -
... the Kyobashi district is the most "middle class" area of the city.
While many parts of Edo are either dominated by huge manors of the upper classes or filled with tiny "row houses" of low-skilled workers, Kyobashi is mainly inhabited by small merchants and craftsmen. As you pass from neighborhood to neighborhood, you notice that all the stores facing the street in a given district sell the same type of products: Dyed cloth is sold on one block, iron tools on the next, pots and pans on this street and bookstores on the next.

The layout of the city streets is quite complicated. Although the main avenues are fairly broad and straight, in each "block", there are dozens of little alleyways that lead between the major buildings and into courtyards behind the stores. These alleyways are lined by workshops and homes where the craftsmen live. For example, between two of the shops that that sell iron tools is an alleyway, and if you listen carefully, you can hear the clanging of a blacksmith's hammer coming from the courtyard. This neighborhood is home to people who specialise in iron work.

On the next block are stores selling oke (wooden buckets and tubs). In the alleyways and courtyards behind these shops, you can see men carving the wooden frames of large tubs, and securing them with strong strips of twine. This is the neighborhood where the okeya (bucketmakers) live.

Over here are a group of shops that sell cloth and simple cotton kimono. Let's go down this alleyway and see the neighborhood where the dyers and weavers live.
The alley leads into a wide square. This central square is the heart of the weavers' neighborhood. Apart from a few tiny shops selling vegetables, rice and other necessities, most of the buildings that face this central square have workshops on the ground floor and apartments upstairs where the craftsmen and their families live. The entire community is busy at some sort of work related to the district's trade -- dyeing cloth.

The central square in the dyer's district is a very colorful place. Some of the older men shout instructions to their apprentices, who are learning how to prepare the cloth and dyes in just the right way, to ensure that the color is vivid and even, yet does not fade too much when washed. All around the area, brightly colored strips of fabric flutter in the light breeze as the cloth is dried and the dyes set. The cloth produced in these workshops around the central square are then sold in the large stores that face the street, or they may be sold to large wholesalers (tonya) and sold in other markets around the region.

In some buildings, people are weaving the cloth using large looms. Elsewhere, workers are dyeing the cloth in large wooden vats. Everyone in the neighborhood, men women and children, take part in the work. Before the Tokugawa Shoguns set up their capital in Edo, the only people in the area were farmers and warriors. Most of the best craftsmen in Japan are from the area around Kyoto and Osaka, rather than from Edo. For that reason, people from the western part of Japan still look down on "Easterners" as slightly uneducated and not very good at business or crafts. However, the shogun has managed to convince many people to move from their homes in the western part of Japan to these neighborhoods in Edo. Even the artisans who were born in Edo usually have parents or grandparents who came from the West.
- source : edomatsu/kyobashi -


. Tatamicho, Tatamichō, Tatamimachi 畳町 Tatami district .

. Okecho, Okemachi 桶町 "Bucket district" .

. Daikucho, Daikumachi 大工町 carpenter district .

. Kajicho, Kajimachi 鍛冶町 blacksmith district .

. Teppocho, Teppomachi 鉄砲町 gunsmith district .


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kajibashi 鍛冶橋 Kajibashi Bridge

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The Crafts Guilds of Edo
The craftsmen who live in the Kyobashi area are fairly well off. Officially, craftsmen have about the same status as merchants -- that is to say, they rank lower than either samurai or farmers. However, in practice, skilled craftsman are not only relatively well respected; they can usually make a pretty good living too. This is particularly true of craftsmen who live in large cities like Edo, where the demand for their services is very strong. If you want to visit some of the neighborhoods where the craftsmen work, we will have to leave the main highway for a while. Most of the workshops are in neighborhoods behind the main shopfronts. To get to these neighborhoods, we have to leave the main road and pass down the narrow sidestreets, through large and solid-looking gates.

There are gates like these on almost all of the side streets and alleyways in the city. They are part of the security system that people use to guard their neighborhoods at night. Edo has a relatively low crime rate, but in a huge city of over 1 million people there are bound to be some bad characters around. Particularly troublesome are bands of unemployed samurai who dress up in wild outfits and roam the streets at night, brawling with other gangs and accosting merchants or craftsmen who are out late at night.

To help keep these troublemakers out of their neighborhoods, most of the city districts are arranged in a similar pattern. The main streets and canals divide the city into large blocks (neighborhoods), known as machi, or cho. To enter one of these neighborhoods, you have to leave the main street and go down one of the side streets or alleys. All of the side streets leading into the neighborhood are guarded by gates, which can be closed at night. This is an effective way to keep out most criminals, drunks and other disreputable characters who might be wandering about late at night.

Groups of guards, known as yoriki and ban-nin (sort of like police officers) patrol the main streets at night, making sure that the gates are closed and keeping a lookout for troublemakers. Anyone who is out on the main streets late at night is likely to be stopped and questioned. A person needs to have to have a good reason for being out late at night, and if they act suspicious, the yoriki may take them in for questioning.



Meanwhile, in each neighborhood, the citizens take turns working as night watchmen in a sort of "neighborhood watch". The job of the person on duty is to close the gates late at night, and walk around the neighborhood making sure that all is quiet. If someone comes home late at night, they have to knock on the gates and convince the person on guard duty to let them in. Naturally, the guard will only open up if he recognises the person who knocks at the gate.

The neighborhood we are entering now is home to a community of potters, and the shops on the main street have row after row of porcelain and pottery lined up on the shelves and tables. Each store offers a range of different types of plates, saucers, mugs, bowls and vases.

Pottery is a highly developed craft in Edo, though the best products still come from the far western provinces of Suo, Aki and Nagato. A wide range of different styles of pottery are available, from inexpensive dishes used by average townspeople to the works of master craftsmen, which can fetch extremely high prices from rich daimyo, merchants or members of the Emperor's court.

Everyone is intent on what they are doing, and take their work seriously -- even the youngsters and women who prepare the clay for use in making the pottery. Like many of Edo's crafts, there is a close connection between the business of making pottery and the expression of fine art. Apprentices may produce large amounts of simple pottery for daily use while they are learning their craft, but their goal is always to develop their skill to a fine level and to create true works of art.

The center of the potter's district is almost uncomfortably warm. You can feel the heat from the kilns as soon as you enter the square. The huge ovens used to bake the porcelain are set up in the center of the district, and they are tended carefully to ensure that the temperature is kept at just the right level. Around the square, individual craftsmen are shaping clay into different types of products. Every few minutes, someone will carry another large rack of molded pottery over to the kilns to be baked. This neighborhood can be unbearably hot in the summer time, since potters have to work all year round. On the other hand, it isnt such a bad place to visit in the winter. Each of the crafts districts is entirely devoted to producing their specialty products, and each member of the community has a part to play. Most of the people are closely bound together by ties of kinship and community, and all work together to help the entire neighborhood become prosperous.

Craftsmen in Japan have to spend ten years working as an apprentice for a "master craftsman" before they can start to work on their own. While they are an apprentice, they will spend the entire day working with their master, watching every move that he makes, and attempting to imitate his skills. Although the crafts tend to hereditary professions, with people passing on their trade from father to son, it is not that uncommon for people to switch to a different craft while they are still very young.

In order to take up a different craft, the youngster has to be accepted as an apprentice by one of the "masters" in another craft, but if their parents pull a few strings, this is not too hard to arrange. In addition, some low-ranking samurai give up their status as samurai in order to become craftsmen. While this may be a step down in social rank, for the lowest-rank samurai it can often mean a big improvement in wages. All the same, every apprentice starts out at the same level, as a raw student, regardless of their family background, past experience or "connections".

People who are extremely talented at a craft -- whether it be pottery, weaving, wood-carving or bucket-making -- can become quite famous. For this reason all of the best young students will compete to try to become the apprentice of a master craftsmen. Master craftsmen only pass on their best techniques to the top apprentices, so when the apprentices get older they often boast about being the "former student" of some famous craftsman. "Officially", craftsmen belong to a lower class than farmers or samurai, and only a shade above merchants. However, the best craftsmen are often granted honorary ranks of nobility, including the right to wear a sword and take a surname. Originally, only samurai and nobles from the Imperial court had two names, but nowadays, many of the leading craftsmen and merchant families also have been granted "honorary" second names as a reward for some service to the Shogun or some other high-ranking official.

This next neighborhood is home to the blacksmiths. Different crafts have higher or lower status, depending on the importance of the work. Potters and weavers tend to be ranked in about the middle. People who make sandals, floor mats (tatami) or other goods made of straw tend to have a lower status. The crafts with the highest status are carpenters and smiths, since their skills are the most valuable to the Shogun. Blacksmiths make all sorts of useful items from steel, but the most important, of course, are the swords that they produce for the samurai.

Those men over there are smelting steel in a large, open-air furnace. Production of a high-quality steel product, such as a sword, is a very painstaking job. First, the steel ingot must be produced by smelting iron. The iron is collected in large ingots, and stored in a warehouse until it is needed.

When the time comes to produce a sword, the smith heats the ingot and breaks off a piece of the proper size. This is then heated repeatedly and beaten into shape using heavy hammers. The job often requires two people -- one to heat and hold the steel, and the other to swing the heavy hammer to beat it into shape. It takes a great deal of practice and skill to shape the sword just right. Finally, the blade is covered with a layer of clay to control the rate of cooling -- fast at the edge that will be used for cutting, and slower at the back of the shaft. Finally, the blade is plunged into cold water to cool it. Another group of craftsmen will fashion the decorated wooden handle and the scabbard. The result is one of the most beautiful and deadly of weapons -- a katana (long sword).
- source : edomatsu/kajibashi -


. tookooshi 陶工師 Tokoshi, potters of Edo .


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Edo Shokunin Kitan 江戸職人綺譚 Strange tales of Edo craftsmen
佐江衆一 Sae Shuichi (1934 - )

- #shokunin #edoshokunin #craftsmen #takumi -
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- - - - - reference - - - - -

和国諸職絵尽（外題） 和国諸職絵つくし Wakoku shoshoku ezukushi
(Collection of Pictures of Various Occupations in Japan) - by Hishikawa Moronobu
- a link with many illustrations
- source : Museum of fine arts, Boston -


Old placenames of Edo
- source : トキオ・カフェのブログ -


日本橋　神田　上野　浅草　向島　両国　深川　佃　芝　品川　目黒　赤坂　日比谷　新宿　高田馬場　板橋　王子　千住　葛西　国府
- source : 江戸開府４００年 -

- reference - 職人町 -


職人町の形成と解体 - 6 pages with info 江戸の職人発展史
- source : token.or.jp/magazine -


Shokunin burui 職人部類 by Tachibana Minkō 橘岷江

- - - with access to one volume
- source : collection pulverer.si.edu -


今様職人尽百人一首 - Imayō shokunin-zukushi hyakunin isshu
with illustrations of 100 craftsmen
近藤淸春. [近藤淸春] ; Kiyoharu Kondō
- reference -
. . . CLICK here for Photos !



Crafts and Trades of Japan,
with Doll-and-Flower Arrangements
Billie T. Chandler

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

一生を渡り職人春の雁
isshoo o watari shokunin haru no gan

his whole life
a wandering craftsman -
geese in spring
Tr. Gabi Greve

Andoo Rinchuu 安藤林虫 Ando Rinchu

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職人に口出し無用寒の梅
shokunin ni kuchidashi muyoo kan no ume

you should not interfere
with a craftsman at work -
plum blossoms in the cold

平野道子　Hino Michiko

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タオル職人めじろ鳴かしているばかり 山内崇弘
初染めや藍職人の爪の藍 近藤陽子
寒糊を煮終へ職人一家なり 池上不二子
小雪や桶職人の長寿眉 玉木郁子
打水や通称日光職人町 西本一都 景色
春時雨ペンキ職人軒を借り 勝連一鉄
朝の職人きびきびうごき百日草 植村通草
牡丹職人失踪届二三枚 仁平勝 花盗人
瓦職人仲秋の空一人で占め 福岡浪子
畳職人雨に目を遣り秋燕 高澤良一 素抱
目標は大工職人みあげる眼 須崎美穂子

職人といはれ六十花山葵 井ノ口昭市
職人に口出し無用寒の梅 平野道子
職人の二人しぐるゝ畳針 川崎展宏
職人の休憩の輪へ大西瓜 水口泰子
職人の座布団薄し鳥の恋 大木あまり 火球
職人の早仕舞せし冬至かな 山崎一角
職人の衣更へたる一座かな 露月句集 石井露月
職人の親子が帰る十三夜 佐久間久子
職人の誇大事に初仕事 池上不二子

花の頃扇さいたり諸職人 上島鬼貫
葺替職人上と下とで押し問答 高澤良一 寒暑
青木の実錺職人路地に住み 栗山よし子
- source : HAIKUreikuDB


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. - - - - - ABC List of Edo craftsmen　江戸の職人 - - - - - .

. Construction work for a Japanese Home .

. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .

. Traditional Crafts of Edo - Tokyo .


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- #shokunin #edobakufu #kyobashi #kyoobashi -
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hatamoto samurai

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hatamoto 旗本 samurai class
A direct retainer of the Tokugawa Shôgun.　"bannerman"


. . . . .  hatamoto

- quote
A hatamoto (旗本, "under the banners") was a samurai in the direct service of the Tokugawa shogunate of feudal Japan. While all three of the shogunates in Japanese history had official retainers, in the two preceding ones, they were referred to as gokenin　御家人.
However, in the Edo period, hatamoto were the upper vassals of the Tokugawa house, and the gokenin were the lower vassals. There was no precise difference between the two in terms of income level, but hatamoto had the right to an audience with the shogun, where gokenin did not. The word hatamoto literally means "at the base of the flag" and is often translated as "bannerman".
Another term for the Edo-era hatamoto was jikisan hatamoto (直参旗本), sometimes rendered as "direct Shogunal hatamoto", which serves to illustrate the difference between them and the preceding generation of hatamoto who served various lords.

- History -
The term hatamoto originated in the Sengoku period. The term was used for the direct retainers of a lord; as the name suggests, the men who were grouped "at the base of the flag". Many lords had hatamoto; however, when the Tokugawa clan achieved ascendancy in 1600, its hatamoto system was institutionalized, and it is to that system which we mainly refer today when using the term.

In the eyes of the Tokugawa Shogunate, hatamoto were retainers who had served the family from its days in Mikawa onward. However, the ranks of the hatamoto also included people from outside the hereditary ranks of the Tokugawa house. Retainer families of formerly defeated provincial strongmen like Takeda, Hōjō, or Imagawa were included, as were branch families of feudal lords. Also included were heirs to lords whose domains were confiscated (for example, Asano Daigaku, the brother of Asano Naganori), local power figures in remote parts of the country who never became daimyo; and the families of Kamakura Period and Muromachi Period Shugo (Governors) : some of these include the Akamatsu, Besshō (branch of the Akamatsu), Hōjō, Hatakeyama, Kanamori, Imagawa, Mogami, Nagai, Oda, Ōtomo, Takeda, Toki, Takenaka (branch of the Toki), Takigawa, Tsutsui, and Yamana families.
The act of becoming a hatamoto was known as bakushin toritate (幕臣取立て).

The hatamoto remained retainers of the main Tokugawa clan after the fall of the Shogunate in 1868, and followed the Tokugawa to their new domain of Shizuoka. The hatamoto lost their status along with all other samurai in Japan following the abolition of the domains in 1871.

- Ranks and roles -
The line between hatamoto and gokenin, especially amongst hatamoto of lower rank, was not rigid, and the title of hatamoto had more to do with rank rather than income rating. In the context of an army, it could be compared to the position of an officer.
Throughout the Edo period, hatamoto held the distinction that if they possessed high enough rank, they had the right to personal audience with the shogun (these hatamoto were known as ome-mie ijō　目見以上).
All hatamoto can be divided into two categories, the kuramaitori　蔵米取, who took their incomes straight from Tokugawa granaries, and the jikatatori 地方取, who held land scattered throughout Japan.
Another level of status distinction amongst the hatamoto was the class of kōtai-yoriai　交代寄合, men who were heads of hatamoto families and held provincial fiefs, and had alternate attendance (sankin kotai　参勤交代) duties like the daimyo. However, as kōtai-yoriai were men of very high income in terms of the spectrum of hatamoto stipends, not all jikatatori hatamoto had the duty of alternate attendance. The dividing line between the upper hatamoto and the fudai daimyo　—　the domain lords who were also vassals of the Tokugawa house　—　was 10,000 koku.

Some hatamoto could be granted an increase in income and thus promoted to the rank of fudai daimyo　譜代大名. However, this did not happen frequently. One example of such a promotion is the case of the Hayashi family of Kaibuchi (later known as Jozai han), who began as jikatatori hatamoto but who became fudai daimyo and went on to play a prominent role in the Boshin War, despite their domain's relatively small size of 10,000 koku.

The term for a hatamoto with income in the neighborhood of 8,000 koku or greater was taishin hatamoto 大身旗本　("greater hatamoto").

The hatamoto who lived in Edo resided in their own private districts and oversaw their own police work and security. Men from hatamoto ranks could serve in a variety of roles in the Tokugawa administration, including service in the police force as yoriki inspectors, city magistrates, magistrates or tax collectors of direct Tokugawa house land, members of the wakadoshiyori council　若年寄, and many other positions.

The expression "eighty thousand hatamoto" (旗本八万旗 hatamoto hachimanhata) was in popular use to denote their numbers, but a 1722 study put their numbers at about 5,000. Adding the gokenin brought the number up to about 17,000.
- source : wikipedia


. bugyoo, bugyō 奉行 Bugyo officials in the Edo government .


. sankin kootai 参勤交代 Sankin Kotai attendance in Edo
daimyoo gyooretsu 大名行列　Daimyo Gyoretsu procession .

under construction
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Hatamoto Taikutsu Otoko 旗本退屈男 : Ichikawa Utaemon 市川右太衛門
The Idle Vassal - The Bored Hatamoto



source : www.samuraidvd.com 　　



source : blogs.yahoo.co.jp/rsjjr083



source : roystudio.web.fc2.com


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THE ETA MAIDEN AND THE HATAMOTO
An old legend - Once upon a time, . . .


GENZABURÔ'S MEETING WITH THE ETA MAIDEN

. Eta and Burakumin 穢多 (えた) / 部落民 .


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- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

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. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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- #hatamoto #edobakufu #samurai -
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bugyo in Edo

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government and Administration .
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bugyoo, bugyō 奉行 Bugyo officials in the Edo government


source :　hakuzou.at.webry.info

江戸の名奉行 Famous Bugyo Governor from Edo
丹野顕 - Tanno Akira

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- quote from wikipedia -
Bugyō (奉行), often translated as "commissioner" or "magistrate" or "governor," was a title assigned to samurai officials of the Tokugawa government in feudal Japan; other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given commissioner's tasks or jurisdiction.

During the Edo period, the numbers of bugyō reached its largest extent. The bureaucracy of the Togukawa shogunate expanded on an ad hoc basis, responding to perceived needs and changing circumstances.
- reference : wikipedia

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- - - ABC - List (to be updated) - - -

Doochuu bugyoo 道中奉行 - Dochu Bugyo - responsible for controlling the five routes out of Edo (Gokaido), their branch routes and related matters
. Edo Gokaidoo 江戸五街道 Edo Gokaido, Gokaidō - Edo Five Ruotes .

Edo machi-bugyō machibugyoo 江戸町奉行 – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Edo.
. Kita-machi-bugyō (北町奉行) – Kitamachibugyo - North Edo magistrate .
--
-- Minami-machi-bugyō (南町奉行) – South Edo magistrate.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

. Tooyama 遠山景元 Toyama Saemon no Jo Kagemoto .
(1793 – 1855) Edo Machibugyo


Fukiage-bugyō 吹上奉行 - Supervising the Fukiage park 吹上御苑
..... 吹上花畑奉行, 吹上御花畑奉行

Fushin-bugyō 普請奉行 – Superintendents of Public Works.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Gaikoku-bugyō 外国奉行 – Commissioners in charge of trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries after 1858.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Gunkan-bugyō 軍鑑奉行 – Commissioners in charge of naval matters (post-1859).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


Gusoku-bugyō 具足奉行 – Commissioners in charge of supplying the shogunal armies.
- - Bugu-bugyō 武具奉行 – Commissioners in charge of supplying the shogunal armies (post-1863), replaced Gusoku-bugyō.


Hakodate bugyō 箱館奉行 – Overseers of the port of Hakodate and neighboring territory of Ezo / Hokkaido.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

. Haneda bugyō 羽田奉行 Haneda Bugyo governor .
commissioners of coastal defenses near Edo (post-1853).

Hata bugyo 旗奉行　- Oversees the flags.

Hyōgo bugyō 兵庫奉行 – Overseers of the port of Hyōgo (post-1864). In the Amagasaki domaine.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


Jisha-bugyō 寺社奉行 – Ministers or administrators for religious affairs; overseers of the country's temples and shrines.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Jiwari-bugyō 地割奉行- Commissioners of surveys and surveying. ...official with responsibility for surveying land ..


Kanagawa bugyō 神奈川奉行 – Overseers of the port of Kanagawa (post-1859).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Kanjō-bugyō 勘定奉行 – Kanjo Bugyo - Ministers or administrators for Shogunal finance (post-1787).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Gundai 軍代　– Deputies.
-- Daikan (代官)- Assistant deputies.
. Daikanyama 代官山 - Shibuya .

-- Kane-bugyō 金奉行 – Superintendents of the Treasury.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Kura-bugyō 倉庫奉行 – Superintendents of Cereal Stores.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Kinza 金座 – Gold za or monopoly office (post-1595).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

--　. Ginza 銀座 . Silver za or monopoly office (post-1598).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Dōza 銅座 – Copper za or monopoly office (post-1636)[14] and (1701–1712, 1738–1746, 1766–1768).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Shuza 朱座 – Cinnabar za or monopoly office (post-1609).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Kanjō-ginmiyaku 　勘定吟味役　– Supervisor of Financial affairs.

Kantō gundai 　関東郡代　– Kantō deputies.

Kinzan-bugyō 金山奉行 – Commissioners of mines.

Koshimono no bugyoo 腰物奉行 - Superintendant of the Government swords and armour
..... 御腰物奉行, 御腰物頭. 御腰物番頭

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Kyoto shoshidai 京都所司代 -- Shogunal deputies in Kyoto.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Kyoto machi-bugyō 京都町奉行 – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Kyoto.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Fushimi bugyō 伏見奉行 – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Fushimi (post-1620).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Nara bugyō 奈良奉行 – Governors of Nara.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Machi-bugyō, machibugyoo 町奉行 – Magistrates or municipal administrators in shogunal cities: Edo, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Nara, Nikkō, and Osaka.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Nagasaki bugyō 長崎奉行 – Governor of Nagasaki. He enjoyed a lot of freedom with the foreigners.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Niigata bugyō 新潟奉行 – Overseers of the port of Niigata.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Nikkō bugyō 日光奉行 – Overseers of Nikkō.
Nikkō houses the mausoleum of shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (Nikkō Tōshō-gū)
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


Ongoku bugyoo 遠国奉行 - magistrates placed at important areas directly controlled by the government

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Osaka jōdai 大阪城代 – Overseers of Osaka Castle.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Osaka machi-bugyō (大阪町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators in shogunal cities.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

-- Sakai bugyō 堺奉行 – Overseers of the town of Sakai, a significant trade center
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Rōya-bugyō 牢屋奉行 – Roya Bugyo Commissioners of the shogunal prison.
His official residence was immediately adjoining the same prison, in Kodenma-chō, Kodenmacho.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !
. Kodenmachō 小伝馬町 Kodenmacho district .


. Sado Bugyo 佐渡奉行 Governor of Sado Island . - Niigata

Sakuji-bugyō 作事奉行 – Commissioners of works, architecture and construction matters (post-1632).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Shimoda bugyō 下田奉行 – Overseers of the port of Shimoda and foreign trade in the area..
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Shomotsu bugyoo 書物奉行 - "Writing Magistrate - Since 1633
..... Go Shomotsu Bugyoo 御書物奉行
..... Momijiyama Bunko


Sunpu jōdai 駿府城代 – Overseers of Sunpu Castle (Shizuoka Castle).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


Uraga bugyō 浦賀奉行 – Overseers of the port of Uraga.
a port of inspection for Japanese coastal vessels
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Yamada bugyō 山田奉行 - Representatives of the shogunate at Ise Yamada 伊勢.
to supervise pilgrims and shrines in the area of the Grand Ise Shrine
The town of Ujiyamada 宇治山田,
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Yari bugyoo 槍奉行 - magistrate of spears

. Yoseba bugyoo 寄場奉行 Yoseba Magistrate .
ninsoku yoseba 人足寄場 rehabilitation facility for criminals / Ishikawajima 石川島 Ishikawa Island in 1790.
Hasegawa Heizô 長谷川平蔵　Hasegawwa Heizo

to be updated
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- quote -
Law Enforcement in the Edo Period
A COMPLICATED PATCHWORK
The system for maintaining law and order during the Edo period differed fundamentally from our modern system in that law enforcement and criminal justice were carried out by the same organs. That is to say, one agency or office carried out the functions that are today performed separately by police, prosecutors, and the courts. This means that the administrative and judicial functions of government were merged rather than deliberately separated as they are in modern democratic states.
- snip -
A PREMODERN POLICE COMMISSIONER
The third commissioner was the machi bugyô, literally “town commissioner,” sometimes translated as magistrate. The machi bugyô was the top law enforcement official of the most important shogunal domain of all, the city of Edo. If one were forced to choose a corresponding contemporary post, it would have to be that of police commissioner, but it would be more accurate to call the machi bugyô a combination of metropolitan governor, police commissioner, and district court chief justice, since his duties included the adjudication of civil and criminal cases and general administration, as well as administration of the city’s police functions. For this reason, separate police organs were established from time to time to supplement the functions of the machi bugyô. One of these was a special police force called the hitsuke tôzoku aratamekata, which was set up to crack down on vicious gangs of armed robbers; its chief was also selected from among the hatamoto.

Among the men who at one time or another served as magistrate or as chief of the hitsuke tôzoku aratamekata, the most famous evolved into legendary heroes glorified in Japanese novels, movies, and television series—a phenomenon recalling the depiction of Marshall Wyatt Earp in American novels, movies, and TV shows about the wild West.

In Edo there were at any given time two appointed magistrates referred to as the minami (south) and kita (north) bugyô. However, these names are misleading, giving rise to the misconception that each was in charge of half of the city. In fact, the two alternated on active duty, rotating each month; the south and north merely refer to the location of the two magistrates’ offices.

Working beneath the magistrates were supervisors called yoriki and lesser officers known as dôshin. Each magistrate’s office generally had 25 yoriki and somewhere around 120 dôshin (the exact number fluctuated over time). Thus, with the staff for the north and south combined, the entire Edo police force amounted to a mere 50 yoriki and 240 dôshin for a population estimated to have been at least 1 million from the eighteenth century on. To be sure, the magistrate’s office also employed low-ranking officials called chûgen and komono, but these merely provided supporting clerical and other services; only the yoriki and dôshin had police authority. Moreover, as noted above, the magistrate’s office handled not only the investigation and adjudication of criminal cases but also civil suits and general administration. Under the circumstances, how was such a small force able to maintain law and order in such a large city? In the following section, we will examine two important factors.

One factor that allowed the machi bugyô to get by with such a meager staff was the use of unofficial assistants. The dôshin, who handled the criminal investigations, all had working under them community informants known as meakashi or okappiki. These were common townsfolk, not samurai, with no official connection to the magistrate’s office. In many cases they were themselves criminals or even yakuza gang leaders. But they were useful resources for the dôshin because their familiarity with Edo’s underworld often put them in a position to provide information critical to a crime investigation.

Most of these undercover informants ran a business of some type as a means of supporting themselves and, in some cases, their henchmen; many owned restaurants or neighborhood vaudeville theaters. For their services, the dôshin paid them a small amount out of their own pockets. Of course, the use of underworld characters in criminal investigations was problematical in many ways, and the shogunate frequently issued edicts prohibiting the practice, but it seems the dôshin were unable to do without them.

The second factor facilitating the maintenance of law and order in Edo was the important role of community self-government associations. Each neighborhood (called machi or chô) in Edo had an organization made up of the area’s property owners and their managers or superintendents, and headed by someone referred to as the nanushi. The superintendents, known as ienushi or ôya, were in frequent contact with the tenants, who regarded them as powerful authority figures—a relationship frequently portrayed in the comic rakugo monologues of the period.

Working out of an office called the jishinban, the ienushi was charged with settling all kinds of disputes in the neighborhood, at least on a temporary basis, and otherwise keeping order within the community. This sort of self-governing capability no doubt contributed significantly to the maintenance of law and order in Edo. Of course, the communities were only autonomous within the limits set by the shogunate, and the system could be criticized for fostering an atmosphere of suspicion in which people’s activities were continually monitored by their neighbors. However, it also seems clear that it helped keep the peace in Edo by supporting the work of the city’s very modest police force.

We might also note that when the dôshin went on patrol, the jishinban was one of the regular stops along their route. The jishinban was also where suspects were temporarily taken into custody and questioned. All of this suggests that the jishinban was in fact the forerunner of the kôban (police boxes) for which the modern Japanese police system is known.

- - - - - read the full article here :
- source : japanecho.com/sum/2004 - YOSHINO Jun -

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. sankin kootai 参勤交代 Sankin Kotai Daimyo attendance in Edo
daimyoo gyooretsu, daimyō gyōretsu 大名行列　Daimyo procession .


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. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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Funabashi and Gyotoku

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
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Funabashi and Gyootoku, Gyōtoku 船橋 と 行徳 Gyotoku

. Funasshi ふなっしー Mascot from Funabashi, Chiba .


江戸名所図会, 船橋

- quote -
Funabashi city is located in northwestern Chiba Prefecture and makes up one part of the Shimōsa Plateau. Funabashi is crossed by the Tone River, and the small Ebi River is located entirely within city limits. Funabashi formerly had wide, shallow beaches, but much of the coast has been industrialized and transformed by reclaimed land.

The name "Funabashi" is mentioned in the Kamakura period chronicle Azuma Kagami. However, the name itself is even more ancient, dating from before the Nara period and the Yamatotakeru mythology. Archaeologists have found stone tools from the Japanese Paleolithic period and shell middens from the Jomon period in the area, indicating continuous inhabitation for thousands of years. A number of Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples in the area claim to have been founded in the Nara period or Heian period. During the Muromachi periods, the area was controlled by the Chiba clan. During the Sengoku period, the Chiba clan fought the Satomi clan to the south, and the Late Hojo clan to the west. After the defeat of the Chiba clan, the area came within the control of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the area prospered as a post town on the river crossing of the Tone River, and was largely retained as tenryo 天領 under the direct control of the Shogunate and administered through a number of hatamoto. The area was also a favored hunting grounds for the Shogun. During the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, Funabashi was the location of a minor skirmish between Tokugawa loyalists under Enomoto Takeaki and the pro-Imperial forces of Okayama Domain and Satsuma Domain, during which most of the town burned down.

After the abolition of the han system, the area eventually became part of Chiba Prefecture. Funabashi Town was one of several towns and villages created on April 1, 1889 under Inba District. The area developed rapidly due to its proximity to Tokyo and the presence of numerous military facilities in the area. On April 1, 1937, Funabashi was elevated to city status through merger with neighboring Katsushika Town and Yasakae, Hoden and Tsukada Villages. The new city was host to numerous military installations in World War II, and was bombed in the air raids on Japan in 1945.

The city developed rapidly in the postwar period, with the development of industries, public housing developments and port facilities. With the annexation of neighboring Ninomiya Town in 1953, the population exceeded 100,000. The population exceeded 300,000 in 1969 and 500,000 in 1982. Funabashi was designated a core city on April 1, 2005 with increased local autonomy from the central government. The population exceeded 600,000 in 2006.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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source : otonanonurie

船橋駅　天道念仏踊り之図 Tendo Nenbutsu Odori
Funabashi Station

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- quote
The Gyotoku Salt Fields 行徳塩田 Gyotoku enden
... Gyotoku, a settlement on the shore of Edo bay about 15 kilometers east of the city. To get there, we have to take a boat ride through the canals of Edo. As I have mentioned in the past, rivers and canals criss-cross most of downtown Edo, and one of the fastest ways to get from place to place is by boat. There are many piers and boat landings in the downtown part of the city, but today we are going to a pier that is used only by a special ferry boat operated by the city officials -- the water taxi to Gyotoku. Gyotoku is a very important site in this region, since it is the home of the Gyotoku salt works.

Gyotoku kashi (Gyotoku wharf), located in the Nihonbashi district, is the starting point for a busy water taxi service . There are always boats preparing to land or depart, since there is a steady stream of townspeople travelling to and from the working-class suburbs east of the Sumida River. The wharf is named Gyotoku kashi after the town of Gyotoku, which is the last stop on the route. The watashi-bune (ferry-boats) follow one of several regular routes through the canals of Edo, but Gyotoku -- at the eastern end of Edo Bay -- is the final destination for all of them.

When Edo was first built, the flat marshy land on the east bank of the Sumida River was almost uninhabited. This low-lying land to the east of Edo was a marshy delta, formed by several large rivers that empty into Edo Bay. Even the isolated areas of solid ground in this area flooded easily during heavy rains, and there were few reliable sources of fresh water along the shore of the bay -- only when you went up-river beyond the high tide line could you get fresh water from the rivers. The marshes were a barrier that blocked traffic east from Edo. To get to the rich rice lands of Shimosa province you had to make a long detour to the north, along the Chiba Kaido, or else travel across Edo Bay by boat, rounding the marshes to the south and then swinging north again, up the coast to the towns of Gyotoku and Funabashi, which serve as the gateway to Shimosa province.

When Tokugawa Ieyasu first arrived in Edo, one of his first priorities was to find a way to build transportation links across the marshes east of the Sumida River. To secure the necessary food and goods needed for the city of Edo to grow, it was essential to transport the rich harvest of rice and vegetables from the provinces to the North and east of Edo to markets in the downtown area. The city also needed salt from Gyotoku, which is the only town in the area suited for salt production. Therefore, in around 1602 Ieyasu ordered his men to begin building canals through the marshlands to connect all of the major river systems in the eastern Kanto region. The network of canals and rivers now extends across a wide area to the north and east of Edo

One main canal, known as the 小名木川 Onagigawa (Onagi river), runs due east from the Sumida River near Nihonbashi to Gyotoku. This was one of the first canals to be built, though today, many other channels have been built, and the marshlands are crisscrossed by a checkerboard of canals. Once the canals were completed, transportation through the area became even smoother than travel by land. More and more people moved into the area as fresh water was made available, and today the area is a bustling neighborhood of blue-collar homes and small businesses.

When the boat is full of passengers, the captain uses his long bamboo pole to push off from shore. The watashi-bune are generally driven by two boat pilots using long poles of bamboo. There is also a broad rudder on the stern of the boat, which can be used to propel the craft in places where the water is too deep for the poles to reach bottom.

The boat travels down the canal from Nihonbashi to the Sumida River. When we reach the river the pilots slow down as they try to maneuver their way through the crowd of boat traffic. The Sumida river is Edo's main thoroughfare, carrying even more traffic than the Tokaido or any of the other main roads. The city is quite crowded and many of the streets are narrow, so it is hard to transport goods through the streets. Horse carts would be a nuisance to pedestrians, so they are hardly ever used in the downtown area. Instead, all goods are carried by boat to the nearest wharf, and then transported to their destination on the backs of nimpu (porters). The Sumida river is always thronged with boat traffic, and it is amazing to watch the boat pilots skillfully guiding their craft in and out of traffic. It seems amazing that there are so few collisions.

The boat sails past the huge, arching span of Eitaibashi (Eitai Bridge). This towering bridge links the port districts of Nihonbashi, Minato and Tsukiji with the blue-collar neighborhood of Fukagawa. It is supported by several dozen huge columns, each carved from the trunk of a single huge hinoki (cypress) tree. The wood is highly resistant to water and rot, and it may last for as much as a hundred years before the bridge needs to be repaired. On the opposite shore of the Sumida river, just a short distance upriver from the bridge, is a broad waterway branching off from the main river channel. This is the Onagigawa (Onagi River　小名木川).

The Onagigawa runs due east from the Sumida River, near Nihonbashi, to the Ara River, just a short distance from Gyotoku. The shoguns built this canal shortly after they moved to Edo, in order to provide quick and easy transportation between Edo and the rich provinces to the east. In addition to the constant stream of ferry boats, there are also many takase-bune (large cargo boats), which use the canal to carry loads of rice, vegetables and other agricultural products from the rich farms in Shimosa, Kazusa and Kotsuke Provinces.

The Onagigawa cuts a wide path through the marshy lowlands to the east of Edo. There are many explanations for how the canal got its name. The characters O - NA - GI ("small", "name", "tree") do not make much sense unless they were a person's name -- perhaps this was the name of the person who oversaw construction of the canal. Another likely explanation is that the name was originally Unagi-gawa (eel river). The river is, in fact, filled with eels, and many unagi fishermen can be seen along the river, fishing for these delicacies. Perhaps the pronunciation changed over time, and people forgot the original source of the name.

. Sarue 猿江町 Sarue - "Monkey Inlet" along the Onagigawa .

As our boat glides down this busy waterway, it passes through a series of small farming villages separated by occasional broad stretches of reeds and marshes. Before Edo was settled, this area of rivers and marshes was virtually uninhabited, but now it has become a thriving center of vegetable farming. Because of the rich soil, and the strong demand for vegetables from city dwellers, farmers in the towns along the Onagigawa have become quite prosperous. In fact, many varieties of vegetables take their names from farming communities in this area, such as Sunamura melons and Kasai leeks.

However, as your boat moves further and further east, the small farming villages become fewer and more widely scattered, and the swamps and marshes broader and more filled with wildlife. The broad East-West canal continues onward through the marshes. Though there are few signs of habitation along the banks of the canal, boat traffic remains heavy. Your own boat continues to glide along the flat surface of the canal. The sun is rising higher into the sky, and the two boat pilots are sweating heavily as they propel the craft with their long poles. They seem to be poling more energetically now, since you have almost reached your destination.

At last, the sparkling waters of Edo Bay come into view, and you can see the small but busy village of Gyotoku strung out along the shoreline. Clouds of steam rise from the low buildings along the canal, and on the flat land beside the bay, the sun sparkles off the salt fields, where salt is being produced for sale in Edo. Salt is a very important commercial commodity in most countries, and in Edo, the situation is no different. Salt is very important in the daily live of Edo's citizens for many reasons.



Salt is an important part of the diet. Japanese food tends to be rather plain, especially the staple meals of the lower classes, which consist mainly of rice and perhaps a small amount of fish or vegetables. To spice up their diet, the people are very fond of shoyu (soy sauce) and miso. Both of these are made mostly from soybeans and salt. Salt is also needed to preserve fish. Naturally, most people in Edo prefer their fish to be as fresh as possible. However, many of the fishing villages that supply Edo with food may take several days or even weeks to ship their produce to the markets in the city. If the fish is not sold right away, it has to be preserved in salt or else it will get rotten. A very large amount of salt is used to preserve fish -- many times more than the amount needed just for a healthy diet. For this reason, many fishing villages produce salt locally, at least on a small scale

In addition, people in Japan use salt in many rituals, as a symbol of purification. Priests throw salt on new building sites to purify them, and throw salt on the temple grounds for the same reason. When a person dies, the relatives throw salt outside the door of the house to keep evil spirits away. Merchants often put little piles of salt just outside their door to keep away bad luck. This is especially common at the beginning of the New Year. Finally, sumo wrestlers throw salt into the ring before they start wrestling, in order to purify the ring for the start of the match.

The demand for salt is so great that the price is quite high in Edo. Merchants ship large loads of salt all the way from Western Japan. The best places to make salt are places with a long, flat beach that is fairly hard-packed, and which gets fairly large changes in the water level from high tide to low tide. There are many places like this along the Seto Inland Sea, in Western Japan, and these are the main centers of salt production. In the Edo area, though, Gyotoku is about the only good location in the area which has a beach that is wide enough and sandy enough to be suitable for producing salt.

We have arrived at low tide and the sun is quite hot. This is a good time to see the salt workers in action, since it is an ideal time for drying the salt. People are busily walking to-and-fro, carrying buckets on poles on their shoulders. There is a steady and constant traffic of people from the edge of the sea to the flat, hard-packed square fields that are laid out in a checkerboard across the wide, flat beach.

The salt workers fill their buckets with sea water from a small channel that has been dug to bring the water a little ways up the beach, even at low tide. They then carry the buckets to the drying fields, where they pour the water into the field until a shallow layer covers the flat ground. The sea water is left to evaporate, and when all the water is gone, it leaves a crust salt. The workers will continue to add water a bit at a time and let it evaporate, continuing the process for as long as a week.

After a few days of adding water again and again, then waiting for it to evaporate, there will be a thick crust of salt coating the field. This salt crust can then be raked up into piles and collected. the piles of salt are then stored in little storehouses until other workers can come by to collect it. The dried salt is then carried to the boiling houses further up the beach.

A cluster of boiling houses is located not far from the salt fields; this is where the salt is processed and purified. Workers carry bundles of raw salt into the buildings, where it is carefully wrapped in very finely-woven silk cloth and then placed in a tub of water. The salt dissolves in the water, but the sand, dirt and grit that was mixed with the salt remains trapped inside the cloth. Finally, the supersaturated salt water is poured into huge boiling vats. Fires built underneath the vats boil off all the water, and when the water is all gone, the salt that is left in the bottom of the vats is clean and pure enough to eat.
- source : Edomatsu


行徳塩田
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


. enden　塩田 salt fields - Introduction .

. Umibedaikuchmachi 海辺大工町 Umibe Daikumachi carpenter district on the coast .
along the river 小名木川 Onagigawa

. Chiba Kaido 千葉街道 Chiba Highway .
passing Funabashi

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Gyotoku Kaido 行徳街道 Gyotoku Highway
From 市川市 Ichikawa city in 千葉県 Chiba to 浦安市 Urayasu town.
Now National Highway Nr. 6.



- quoting the wikipedia
Ichikawa City (市川市, Ichikawa-shi)
The city has a concentration of the wide-area traffic network that connects the center of Tokyo with many areas of Chiba Prefecture. Major rail routes and roads pass through the city.
The area around present-day Ichikawa has been inhabited since the Japanese Paleolithic period.
... During the Nara period, Ichikawa was the provincial capital of Shimōsa Province and is mentioned in the Man'yōshū. During the Heian period, this area was the center of the rebellion by Taira Masakado. During the Sengoku period, it was the site of a major battles (Battle of Kōnodai) between the Satomi clan and the Later Hōjō clan. ...

Urayasu (浦安市, Urayasu-shi)
Urayasu is best known as the home of the Tokyo Disney Resort, which opened in April 1983,
... The area around Urayasu was tenryo territory within Shimōsa Province controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period. Urayasu served as an important fishing village for the Edo capital. Until the industrialization of the city it was a major center of production of nori, an edible seaweed, hamaguri, the common orient clam, and asari, the Japanese cockle. All three are important elements of the traditional Japanese diet.

- map from Ichikawa city -

. Kaido 街道 Highways of Japan .

- quote -
Imai-no-Watashiba Ferry 今井の津頭

The Imai river boat was used to cross Edo River until 1912 (the first year of Taishō) until Imai Bridge was built. - source : Tokyo Metropolitan Library -

- quote -
The remains of the ferry at Imai was the eastern gate of Edo in Edo period, and it was the physical distribution base in Edogawa river.
It was on the east bank near the Imaibashi Bridge. Ieyasu Tokugawa, the founder of Edo Bakufu landed near the ferry at Imai and passed through Gongenmichi Road to go hawking at Togane after he moved to Edo after the Seige of Odawara by Hideyoshi Toyotomi.
And it is said that the Second Shogun, Hidetada Tokugawa and the lord of Ootaki, Honda's also used this ferry.
Moreover, the ferry was described on the essay 'Azumaji no Tsuto (the trips in East Japan)' by the renga poet Socho in late Muromachi period so it had existed there at that time. In Edo period, only residents near Imai could use this ferry. Anyway, it was a very beautiful spot that Mt. Fuji could be seen and thousands of ships passed through Edogawa River to bring thousands of products from Tohoku (north east Japan) and Kita Kanto (northern Kanto) region.
In the Meiji era, some steam boats appeared on the river, so Edogawa River was much crowded with people and boats. The remains of the ferry at Imai tells how prosperous water transportation in Edo period was before cars and trains would develop.
- source : travel.smileandhappiness.net/imainowatashi -
Imaibashi 今井橋 Imaibridge, Imai Bridge

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Rakugo Nakishio 落語「泣き塩」"Weeping Salt"

yakishio and nakishio 焼き塩 boiling salt and crying salt


行徳塩、製造工程の最終工程「焼き塩風景」　

泣き塩」の舞台を歩く - 古今亭志ん朝 Kokontei Shincho
- source : ginjo.fc2web.com/219nakisio -

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

船橋のふわふわ動く胡蝶哉
Funabashi no fuwafuwa ugoku kochoo kana

the lake butterfly
at Funabashi moves
ever so softly . . .


船橋や花藻もよらず瀬を早み
Funabashi ya hanamo mo yorazu se o hayami


. Masaoka Shiki 正岡子規 .

. WKD : "lake butterfly", kochoo 胡蝶（こちょう） .
- - kigo for spring - -

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行徳の水辺したしき草じらみ
Gyotoku no mizube shitashiki kusajirami

村沢夏風


船橋に夏の日低くなりて没る 山口波津女
船橋に立つ日憧れ卒業す 高林蘇城
船橋に駄馬騒ぎ出す霰かな 会津八一
船橋の船に洩る水温みけり 繞石句集落椿
船橋を少年去らず五月の航 大井雅人

摘草や船橋ゆるゝ風の中 野村喜舟

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. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends - Introduction .


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