metsuke ometsuke inspector

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .
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metsuke 目付 and oometsuke . Ōmetsuke 大目付 Inspector and Inspector General
soometsuke 惣目付 Sometsuke
daikansatsu 大監察 Daikansatsu "Great Inspector"
kansatsukan 監察官 Kansatsukan, Inspector General


江戶幕府大目付の研究 - Edo Bakufu ōmetsuke no kenkyū
山本英貴 Yamamoto Hideki

Metsuke worked under the supervision of the 若年寄　Wakadoshiyori.
Ometsuke worked under the supervision of the 老中　Roju.


- quote
Metsuke (目付) were the censors or the inspectors of Tokugawa Japan. They were bakufu officials ranking somewhat lower than the bugyō. The metsuke were charged with the special duty of detecting and investigating instances of maladministration, corruption or disaffection anywhere in Japan; and particularly amongst the populace having status below the daimyō.

- - - - - Intelligence gathering
The shogunate recognized the need for some kind of internal intelligence-gathering apparatus and for some degree of covert espionage within its own ranks. It could be said that the metsuke functioned as the Shogun's intelligence agency or as internal spies, reporting to the officials in Edo on events and situations across the country.

The metsuke were charged with focusing on those ranking below daimyō-status; and their counterparts, the ōmetsuke, were responsible for supervising the activities of officials and members of the daimyō (feudal lords).

Although similarly engaged, the reporting protocols of the metsuke and ōmetsuke differed. The metsuke reported to wakadoshiyori who ranked just below the rōjū. The ōmetsuke reported directly to the four or five rōjū at the top of the shogunate bureaucracy. By design, the intelligence-gathering activities of the metsuke was intended to complement those of the ōmetsuke even though there was no official reporting relationship between the two somewhat independent groups.
There were at any given time as many as twenty-four metsuke.

- - - - - Ad hoc evolution
The bureaucracy of the Tokugawa shogunate expanded on an ad hoc basis, responding to perceived needs and changing circumstances. Sometimes one or more of the metsuke or ōmetsuke would have been selected to address a specific or even a unique problem. For example, Arao Norimasa in the period from 1852 through 1854 was charged with special duties as kaibo-gakari-metsuke.

The prefix kaibō-gakari meaning "in charge of maritime defense" was used with the titles of some bakufu officials after 1845. This term was used to designate those who bore a special responsibility for overseeing coastal waters, and by implication, for dealing with matters involving foreigners. "Kaibō-gakari-metsuke" later came to be superseded by the term gaikoku-gakari. These developments prceeded the Gaikoku bugyō system which began just prior to the negotiations which resulted in the Harris Treaty. First appointed in August 1858, the gaikoku-bugyō were bakufu officials who were charged with advising the government on foreign affairs and who were tasked with conducting negotiations with foreign diplomats both in Japan and abroad.
- - - - - In popular culture :
- - - - - List of metsuke:
Oguri Tadamasa (1859–1860).
- source : wikipedia


- - - - - List of metsuke:
. 柳生宗矩 Yagyu Munenori （1632 - 1636） . (the first one)
水野守信 Mizuno Morinobu（1632年 - 1636年）
秋山正重 Akiyama Masashige （1632年 - 1640年）
井上政重 Inoue Masashige （1632年 - 1658年）
加賀爪忠澄 Kagatsume Tadazumi（1640年 - 1650年）
- - - and many more
合原義直 Gohara Isaburo（1868年）(the last one)
- reference : Japanese wikipedia -




metsuke 目付 can also just mean a look or the looks of a person, not related to the Edo officers at all.

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In March 10 / 11, 1641, there was a great fire in Oke-machi 桶町火事. More than 400 people lost their lives and 123 homes of Samurai were burned down.
The fire started in the home of a medicine maker (薬師 kusushi) named Matsuo　松尾, and spread fast in the strong wind.
The home of the Government official 大目付　Ometsuke 加賀爪忠澄 Kagatsume Tadazumi (1586 - March 11, 1641) burned down and he died in the fire.
After this fire, the Shogun Iemitsu established a fire brigade of the Daimyo, 大名火消 Daimyobikeshi.

. okechoo, okemachi、桶町 Okecho, "Bucket district" .

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Asakusa Abekawachoo　阿部川町 Abekawa machi
Since 1636 a lot of government workers called "o kobito shuu"　(okobito) 御小人衆 lived here, working for Metsuke office. At that time, the district did not have a special name yet. Since having no name was confusing as Edo grew, in the year 1696 it came under the directive of 細井九左衛門　Hosoi Kuzaemon, who gave it the name.
The leader of the Okobito, 川村太四郎　Kawamura Taishiro, had come from the Abekawa region of Shizuoka.
The ABE spelling changed from 安倍　to 阿部.

. Abekawa, Abe-Kawa 安倍川 / 阿部川 .

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- quote -
Metsuke: Intelligence gathering



kangen no metsuke 観見の目付け

(the text of this page is the same as the wikipedia.
- source : america.pink/metsuke -

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松例祭火事装束の大目付
shooreisai kaji shoozoku no oometsuke

pine torch festival -
the inspector wears robes
of the fire brigade
Tr. Gabi Greve

Mihara Seigyoo 三原清暁 Mihara Seigyo


. shoorei sai 松例祭 Shoreisai, pine torch festival .
toshiya matsuri 歳夜祭（としやまつり）
hyaku taimatsu no jinji 百松明の神事 ritual of 100 pine torches
- - kigo for mid-winter - -

on the last day of the old year, leading into the new year.
The last day of the 100 day-long winter austerities of the yamabushi at Dewa sanzan in .
It was held in former times to ward off the epidemy of tsutsugamushi, scrub typhus, along the coast of Northern Japan, about 1300 years ago.
The epidemy demons were driven out with large pine torches.

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .


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geta wooden clogs

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. Edo shokunin　江戸の職人 Craftsmen of Edo .
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geta 下駄　ashida 足駄 Geta wooden clogs

. Geta 下駄 Wooden Sandals, Clogs .
- Introduction and Haiku -
Geta with only one "tooth" to balance on 一本歯の下駄
Often worn by Tengu 天狗.



Utagawa Toyokuni III (Kunisada)

- quote
Geta (下駄) are a form of traditional Chinese-Japanese footwear that resemble both clogs and flip-flops. Geta were invented by the Chinese and then introduced to Japan from China. They are a kind of sandal with an elevated wooden base held onto the foot with a fabric thong to keep the foot well above the ground. . . . . .
According to Japanese superstition, breaking the thong on one's geta is considered very unlucky.
- source : wikipedia

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yukigeta, yuki geta 雪下駄 Geta for snow




source : xadachi-hanga.com/ukiyo-e

蒲原 Kanbara juku (Tokaido) 夜之雪 Night with snow
歌川広重 Hiroshige

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Look at the toes holding these high Geta!



- Look at more photos of feet on Ukiyo-E here:
- source : みさと接骨院 -

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下駄　浮世絵 Geta with Ukiyo-E patterns are also popular !
Click on the photo for more samples !



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getaya 下駄屋 craftsman making Geta

Since the middle of the Edo period, Geta had made their way into the city not only as an item of every-day use but also an item of fashion.
The much cheaper straw sandals were used for every-day walking, especially by the 長屋　Nagaya population living in cheap quarters.


source : blog.goo.ne.jp/yousan02 - 『七十一番職人歌合』
A craftsman is just about to put a whole into the wood for the Hanao.
First the hole is made with a drill, and the wood standing up is then burned down with metal chopsticks
that can be heated in fire.

Geta New Road 下駄新道 Geta Shinmichi
Situated around what is now JR Kanda Railway Station, during Edo times
there were many manufacturers of wooden clogs ("geta" in Japanese) along the back alleys
at the western end of Kaji-chō 2-chōme.
This led to the area being known as Geta Shinmichi (literally "Geta New Road").
- source - Tokyo Metropolitan Museum -


komageta 駒下駄 Komageta, the wooden parts are made of one piece.

- quote -
Geta are made of one piece of solid wood forming the sole and two wooden blocks underneath. These blocks may have a metal plate on the section that touches the ground in order to lengthen the life span of the Geta. A V-shaped thong of cloth forms the upper part of the sandal.
The dai (台, stand)
may vary in shape: oval ("more feminine") to rectangular ("more masculine") and color (natural, lacquered, or stained). The ha (歯, teeth) may also vary in style; for example, tengu-geta have only a single centered "tooth". There are also less common geta with three teeth. Merchants use(d) very high geta (two long teeth) to keep the feet well above the seafood scraps on the floor. The teeth are usually not separate, instead, the geta is carved from one block of wood. The tengu tooth is, however, strengthened by a special attachment. The teeth of any geta may have harder wood drilled into the bottom to avoid splitting, and the soles of the teeth may have rubber soles glued onto them.
The hanao 鼻緒, cloth thong)
can be wide and padded, or narrow and hard, and it can be made with many sorts of fabric. Printed cotton with traditional Japanese motifs is popular, but there are also geta with vinyl and leather hanao. Inside the hanao is a cord (recently synthetic, but traditionally hemp) that is knotted in a special way to the three holes of the dai. In the wide hanao there is some padding as well. The hanao are replaceable. It sits between the two first toes because having the thong of rectangular geta anywhere but the middle would result in the inner back corners of the geta colliding when walking.
- source : wikipedia -

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目のゆがみたるから、心地あしや








using extra high Geta for the toilet

- Look at more illustrations here:
source : miyuki-honpo/getanorekisi


- - - Different kinds of Geta


- reference : miyuki-honpo/getanosyurui -

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両国に古りし下駄屋や冬の雨
ryoogoku ni furishi getaya ya fuyu no ame

at Ryogoku
there is an old Geta shop -
rain in winter

Katsumata Itto 勝又一透 (1907 - 1999)

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source : blog.goo.ne.jp/aboo-kai/e

getaya no teishu 下駄屋の亭主 Getaya the Husband

女房逃げ亭主呆けて春の雨

his wife left him -
the husband is at a loss
in the spring rain

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夫婦喧嘩下駄を履くまで終わらない
fuufugenka geta o haku made owaranai

a fighting couple
will not give up
until one slips into the Geta

One partner is at the entrance hall and all ready to leave the home now in anger . . . but well, the good couple comes back to its sense and all is well again.

- reference : senryu about geta -

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geta no haire, geta ha-ire 下駄歯入れ repairing wooden geta clogs


geta haireya　下駄歯入れ屋 Geta repairman

This was a job for a repairman walking along the streets of Edo.

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source : blog.goo.ne.jp/s10683726/e ...
getaya no kanban 下駄屋の看板 shop sign of a Geta store


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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Miyagi 宮城県
蔵王町 Zao

furugeta no urami 古下駄の怨 the grudge of the old Geta
In the early Meiji period the region of 自由ヶ丘公園 Jiyugaoka Park was still a quiet Pine grove. The decided to build a 寺子屋 Terakoya school there. During the construction someone threw an old pair of geta in the fundament without much thought. Eventually the building was finished, but every night there was the sound of wooden Geta walking around and a hig-pitched whailing and crying: "This heavy stone is hurting by broken back!"
When they opened the fundament to have a look, they found the pair of Geta and took it out. Now all was quiet.

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -
117 to explore (01)

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Nozarashi Gosuke 野晒五助

Gosuke wears a robe with a skull pattern. From the sword on his back hangs a Geta with marks in the form of a skull too.
He is the henchman for the robber chief 日本駄右衛門 Nippon Daemon. He is known as a street knight (otokodate). They lived by a strict code of honor which dictated that they always have to assist people in need. It is also the theme of a popular kabuki play.





Kuniyoshi moyo shofuda tsuketari genkin otoko 国芳もよう正札附現金男
(Men of Ready Money with True Labels Attached, Kuniyoshi Style)
source and reference

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source : edokurashi.hatenablog.com/entry - 渡辺京二

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. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


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[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - ##geta #clogsgeta #getaya - - - -
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dokufu poisonous woman

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. Persons and People of Edo - Personen .
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dokufu 毒婦 "poisonous woman"
akujo 悪女 "bad woman" in our modern vocabulary


近世悪女奇聞 / 綿谷雪
雷お新、高橋お伝、夜嵐お絹など 毒婦一七人 The life of seven Dokufu

- quote
"Poison Women" and Early Meiji Writing
The notion of "poison women," or dokufu, was a prevalent topic among common readers during the early Meiji period. While the term itself comes from mid- to late-Edo period dramatic writing ­ particularly the Kabuki theater ­ in this context it refers to a group of women convicted in the first decades of Meiji of vicious crimes ranging from fraud and extortion to murder.
Names such as 夜嵐お絹 Yoarashi O-Kinu, 原田お絹 Harada O-Kinu, 高橋お伝　Takahashi O-Den,
鳥追お松　"Torioi" O-Matsu, and 花井お梅.Hanai O-Ume came to be widely known and associated with women of low birth whose chief characteristics were their unbridled sexuality, violent tempers, and greed.
But the notoriety of the "poison women" was tempered by the fascination in which they were held by the public at large. This fascination was enhanced by a series of sensational stories that appeared in the popular press of the time. These stories were a mixture of factual reportage and fictional embellishment, and most (but not all) portrayed their criminal heroines in a negative light. At the same time, their depiction of the "poison women" as sexually promiscuous enhanced the attraction such women held for their male readershipin particular, making these stories instant bestsellers once they were converted to book form.
This panel will examine several critical aspects of the early Meiji female criminals and the stories told about them. Marie Söderberg discusses aspects of the early Meiji newspaper industry, and provides a general overview of the medium in which these stories were presented. Ulla Frisk examines the historical basis of the "poison women," delineating, where possible, fact from fiction. Eiko Norlander looks at the aesthetic, literary angle of the stories, particularly their structural similarity to Kabuki. Matthew Strecher wraps things up with a discussion of structure and genre, discussing the "poison woman" stories as hybrid fact/fiction, an early form of literary journalism, and an important forerunner to the serialized newspaper novel.

1) "A Comparison of Japanese and Swedish Newspapers at the End of the 19th Century"
2) "Poison Women, Tsuzukimono, and the Development of the Meiji Newspaper Novel"
3) "On the Strolling Shamisen Player Omatsu's Adventures ­ Kabuki Plays and the Novel"
4) "The Female Character in dokufu Novels in the Early Meiji Period"
- - - - - ASIAN STUDIES CONFERENCE JAPAN
- source : meijigakuin.ac.jp 2003


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Hanai O-Ume 花井お梅


source : ukiyoe-gallery.com
Hanai Oume Killing Kamekichi

- quote -
On a rainy summer night in 1887 a murder took place in one of Tokyo’s entertainment districts. A geisha known as Hanai Oume stabbed her lover to death. Oume’s open trial—shortly before the courts were opened to the general public for the first time—attracted widespread interest and caused a sensation.
This article focuses on the courtroom as a place of encounter between the law and the public. The public trials of the Meiji period are a good starting-point for describing the implementation of Western law in Japan. It thereby addresses the problem of the globalization of legal cultures in the 19th century, a topic which has been largely ignored in global history.
- Globalization of legal cultures in the 19th century. Criminal trials, gender, and the public in Meiji Japan
- source : Daniel Hedinger -


- reference -

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Harada O-Kinu 原田お絹 / Yoarashi O-Kinu 夜嵐お絹



source : ameblo.jp/naomireturn/entry

- quote -
Yoarashi Okinu 夜嵐 おきぬ, ca.1845 - March 28, 1872)
is the moniker of Harada Kinu (原田 きぬ), who was a Japanese female poisoner and geisha and lived from the end of the Edo era to the beginning of the Meiji era. Her nickname Yoarashi means night-storm in Japanese.
..... As she was beautiful, people in the Edo longed for her. She became a mistress of Ōkubo Tadayori (大久保忠順) in the capital Edo. He was the daimyo of the Karasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke Province, which was rated at thirty thousand koku. Ōkubo had a son, the successor to the Ōkubo family, by her. However, he hated her, and abandoned her in the Meiji Restoration.
She became a mistress of Kobayashi Kinpei .....
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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O-Miyo no Kata　お美代の方　Senkoin 専行院　
（1797 - 1872)
Concubine (sokushitsu) of 11th Shogun Tokugawa Ienari (1773 - 1841)
a maid-turned-adopted-daughter of a hatamoto

江戸幕府11代将軍徳川家斉の側室
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


- quote -
Kagero Ezu - Film



..... To continue enjoying wealth and power even after he passes away, Ienari’s concubine Omiyo no Kata (Nakamura Yuko), who has been in his favour for a long time despite his legal wife Tadako (Shiraishi Kayoko), desires to have her own grandson Maeda Inuchiyo installed as the next shogun. Making use of his right-hand man Mizuno Minonokami (Kinoshita Houka) and others, Omiyo no Kata’s backer Nakano Sekio (Kunimura Jun) wheels and deals for the purpose of making Ienari write the directive that will determine the next shogun. .....
- source : jdramas.wordpress.com -

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Shirakoya O-Kuma 白子屋お熊
(1703 - 1727)

She used to wear Kimono of the striped red and yellow 黄八丈　Kihachijo pattern.
- source : kimono.or.jp -



..... her crime made her the heroine of ningyō jōruri puppet plays.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Takahashi O-Den 高橋お伝



- quote -
Takahashi Oden (1848 – January 31, 1879)
was a female Japanese murderer known for killing a man, and being the last woman in Japan to be put to death by beheading.
She was also suspected of poisoning her husband.
The movie Dokufu Oden Takahashi is based on her life. Director Shōgorō Nishimura's Roman porno film Crimson Night Dream (紅夜夢 Koyamu) (1983) also depicts Takahashi.
- source : wikipedia -

The story of her life also became a famous Kabuki play.
At her stone memorial at the graveyard in Yanaka　谷中霊園　Kabuki actors come to pray (they play in the game portraying her life) and others come to get better at playing the Shamisen.


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Torioi O-Matsu 鳥追お松


By Utagawa Kunisada III 歌川国貞三代

Her exact dates are not known, but she lived in Tokyo in the Meiji period. She was famous for her beauty.

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. Yaoya o-Shichi 八百屋お七 . 　
（1668 - 1683)



月岡芳年 Tsukioka Yoshitoshi （八百屋お七）
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

ひそみ立つ毒婦の墓や花山椒
hisomi tatsu dokufu no haka ya hana sanshoo

the lonely grave
of the poisonous woman -
mountain pepper blossoms
Tr. Gabi Greve

槫沼けい一 Kurenuma Kei-Ichi

. WKD : hana sanshoo 花山椒 flowers of mountain pepper .
- - kigo for late spring - -

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鬼灯や毒婦お伝の泣くような
hoozuki ya dokufu o-den no naku yoo na

these lampion flowers -
as if the poisonous woman O-Den
was crying

仁平勝 Nihira Masaru (1949 - )



. WKD : hoozuki 鬼燈 － 鬼灯 Chinese lantern plant .
- - kigo for autumn - -

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Wakoku hyakujo 和国百女 One Hundred Women of Japan
Hishikawa Moronobu 菱川師宣
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


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jingi greeting

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. Persons and People of Edo - Personen .
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jingi o kiru 仁義を切る Yakuza greeting

When entering the home of a gang boss, the visitor had to stand in the entrance, bend his knees, left hand stretched out, palm up and the right hand at the hip.
He then introduces himself in a formal way, asking for a lodging or long-time stay.


- source : wiki - Kreislauf_des_Geldes -
This is the pose, but the statue is in Aachen, Germany.
(The figure symbolizing 'Bettelei' (Begging) in a group around a pond, Kreislauf des Geldes / Circulation of Money - by Karl Henning Seemann)
source :　vanderkrogt.net/statues
I must say, I have never seen a German (or European) beggar in this pose before . . . ?!

yakuza introduction, presenting bona fides
to make a formal salutation (between gamblers)
to observe thieves' niceties,
to inform the other party of a (negative) business development (ironical)
to make a formal introduction of oneself
to pay one's respects

kyookaku 侠客 Kyokaku, "chivalrous Yakuza person"
professional gambler in the Edo period

The Kyokaku were usually tall and strong persons, who could easily win a fight.
They also had the mental strength to lead others in their trade.

jingi means "humanity benevolence justice righteousness," "one's duty (to society" . . .

There are many translations and interpretations of this greeting.
- reference : "jingi wo kiru" -

. yakuza, the Japanese mob　 .
Eta and Burakumin



source : 課題ブログ

o hikae nasute おひかえなすって


一身上の都合で旅人（たびにん。旅から旅に渡り歩く者）となった者も、手拭い1本あればその土地土地の親分を訪ね、一宿一飯の恩を蒙り、草鞋銭（わらじせん）を得て旅行することができたという。ただし、一言でも言い間違えたり、所作に間違いがあった場合は「騙り」とみなされ、袋叩きになって追い出され、殺されても不思議ではなかった。
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


- quote -
The Jingi -- or Yakuza's Code of Ethics --
is a written code of conduct or behavior that by the law of the Yakuza has been followed for the past several hundred years. Depending on the Oyabun-- Father figure (Chariman)-- one could be removed from a syndicate or clan by simply disregarding one of these rules. Some occurance, however, are dealt with in a forgiving manner. The afforementioned is not a general occurance, and will most likely not happen with you. It is up to one's own personal conviction to either follow, or disregard the Yakuza Code, but those who disrespect the code are scum, and are not considered Yakuza who honorably live by this code.
.....
4.) The Yakuza Code of Ethics prohibits anything that may be considered an indecent act,
or an act that goes against Ninkyodo (Chivalry).
Reasoning -
The Yakuza were known as the chivalrous organization of their community. The whole purpose of the Yakuza was to serve their own form of justice. Acts such as rape or kidnapping were not tolerated. If these acts were carried out against family members of the Yakuza (daughters, girlfriends, wives, sons, etc.), those who took offense from the action would deal with such in a quite grizzly matter. The Yakuza were firm believers in the rule, "A Life for A Life".
Example: If a man were to rape the daughter of a Yakuza, that man would be taking her innocence, and in turn her future. Because of this, the Yakuza who had been offended would take the life of the offender, thus taking their future from them as recompense. Another example of going against chivalry is treachery.
Treachery is something that could not be tolrated in the days of the Yakuza. This was usually punishable by the severing of the offender's pinky, and their immediate expulsion from the clan or syndicate as an act to show off that the Yakuza is a traitor and should not be part of another family so long as he lives... Depending on the Oyabun-- or father figure (Chairman)-- this could be an activity punishable by death. .....
- source : yakuza-mob-roleplay.wikia.com -



source : chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa

. oyabun 親分 boss - kobun 子分 gang member .
- Introduction -

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ーーー　The four most famous Kyokaku "noble yakuza" outlaws of the Edo period :



. Banzuiin Chōbei 幡随院長兵衛 Banzuin Chobei . (1622–1657)
Asakusa, Edo - kyookaku no ganso 侠客の元祖 The first Kyokaku "chivalrous person"

. Kunisada Chuuji 国定忠治 Kunisada Chuji . (1810-1851)
Gunma, Shinshu
There is even a 忠治地蔵 Chuji Jizo Statue in his honor.

. Shimizu no Jirocho 清水次郎長 . (1820-1893)
Shimizu port, Shizuoka




侠客の世界──江戸から昭和まで Kyokaku no sekai - Edo kara Showa made
(The world of Kyokaku, from Edo to Showa)
村松梢風
江戸時代から昭和の始めにかけて、侠客は賭博（娯楽）をはじめとして、貸元・札差（金融・運送）、人入（人材派遣）、台屋（仕出し）、用心棒（警備）、火消（消防）、鳶職（建設）、米相場、芸能といった世界を仕切っていただけでなく、大物政治家たちの集会の手配、外国要人の警備もおこなっていた。
また、幕末繰り広げられた数々の戦いで官軍として戦った者の多くは侠客であった。侠客は日本の歴史の裏舞台であらゆる分野にわたって活躍していたといえる。本書は、幡随院長兵衛をはじめとして、かつて歌舞伎や浪花節、映画の主役として登場し、江戸から昭和まで庶民の人気を集めていた侠客について、様々な角度からその歴史、実態、伝説を紹介する。
- reference : kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn-

and

. Nozarashi Gosuke 野晒五助 .

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Shinmon Tatsugoro 新門辰五郎
(?1792 / ?1800 - 1875)


CLICK for more photos !

He lived in the late Edo period and the Bakumatsu times. He was leader of the fire brigade and 鳶頭、香具師 Kogushi、侠客、浅草浅草寺門番 warden of Asakusa Temple district.
The name "Shinmon" - new gate" refers to his job in Asakusa as warden of the New Gate.
金龍山浅草寺僧坊伝法院新門の門番


Shinmon lantern of the fire brigades is the second on the left.


He was also accepted by the 15th Shogun, 徳川慶喜 Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who called on him and his gang to come to Kyoto and become 二条城の警備 guardsmen at the Nijo Castle. Yoshinobu forgot his 金扇馬標 golden fan of the Tokugawa clan when fleeing from the castle, but Tatsugoro got it back to him.


source : Toshogu Museum Kunosan

Tatsugoro later became guardsman at 上野寛永寺 the Kanei-Ji temple in Ueno, where Yoshinobu took residence.


His last poem before his death
思ひおく まぐろの刺身 鰒汁（ふぐとしる） ふっくりぼぼに どぶろくの味


. koogushi, yashi 香具師 performer, yashi 野師、野士、弥四、矢師 .

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平成新講談 新門辰五郎―十番組纏づくし




新門辰五郎伝 - 早乙女貢

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- quote -
Tokugawa Yoshinobu 徳川慶喜 (1873 - 1913)
the 15th and last shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. After resigning in late 1867, he went into retirement, and largely avoided the public eye for the rest of his life.
Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born in Edo, as the seventh son of Tokugawa Nariaki, daimyo of Mito. .....
1866 After the death of Tokugawa Iemochi in 1866, Yoshinobu was chosen to succeed him, and became the 15th shogun.
Boshin War (1868–69)
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

川鯉の三尺三寸は侠客ぞ
kawagoi no sanjaku sanzun wa kyookaku zo

this river carp
of more than one meter
is a real chivalrous Yakuza . . .
Tr. Gabi Greve

奥山甲子男　Okuyama Kineo (1929 - 1998)

one shaku 一尺 ca. 30 cm // one sun 一寸 ca. 3 cm

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侠客の鮎にしらじら谿明くる
高澤良一

侠客の駈け抜けし径露どつと
吉田銀葉


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. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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Tokugawa Muneharu

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .
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Tokugawa Muneharu 徳川宗春
(1696 - 1764)
The Tokugawa Owari Clan　尾張徳川



Muneharu shared a lot with Shogun Yoshimune.
Since he lived with the common people in his youth, he knew about the problems of the poor and tried to improve their lot throughout his life.

. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune　徳川吉宗将軍 .
(1684 - 1751)


Yet later Muneharu could not agree with the severe frugality laws and sumptuary edicts of Yoshimune.
In Edo he favored the Yoshiwara courtesan Koshikibu (who later changed her name to Koharu).
In 1731 he became the Daimyo of Owari (Nagoya).
In his quest to improve the life of the people of Owari (Nagoya), he had theaters built in town, held colorful festivals and revived the economy in no time. He is also known for personal luxury, but this was his gesture to show how spending money by the rich would trickle down to the poor in town.
The population of Nagoya grew very fast during his reign.

. Nagoya karakuri ningyoo　名古屋　からくり人形 from Aichi .
The Legacy of the Tamaya Shobei family.

He revived the Festival floats with karakuri ningyo からくり人形 delicate mechanical dolls to an extend that the skilled craftsmen of Nagoya are famous to our day (Nagoya no monozukuri).

Muneharu also encouraged Noh, Kyogen and the tea ceremony.




He paraded in the streets with a huge hat and a long pipe of about 2 meters, riding a white oxen.


- - - - - Look at many details of this figure here:
source : setonovelty.blog65.fc2.com

But whatever worked well for the economy of Nagoya would not be accepted by Yoshimune for the whole of Japan.

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- quote
Tokugawa Muneharu 徳川 宗春, November 20, 1696 – November 1, 1764
was a daimyo in Japan during the Edo period. He was the seventh Tokugawa lord of the Owari Domain, and one of the gosanke.

Muneharu was the 20th son of Tokugawa Tsunanari by a concubine, and a great-great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. During his lifetime, he rose to the junior third rank in the Imperial court, and held the titular office of Gon-Chūnagon (acting middle councilor). He was posthumously awarded the junior second rank and the office of Gon-Dainagon (acting great councilor). Among his brothers were Tokugawa Yoshimichi and Tokugawa Tsugutomo (the fourth and sixth lords of Owari), and Matsudaira Yoshitaka (second lord of the Mino Takasu Domain). A sister, Matsuhime, married Maeda Yoshinori, lord of the Kaga Domain, which was the richest domain in Japan outside the Tokugawa's own holdings. Muneharu did not marry, but had numerous concubines. His fourth daughter married the kampaku Konoe Uchisaki.

- - - - - Loss of power
Given to personal luxury, in 1731, Muneharu published a book, Onchiseiyō (温知政要), which criticized ruling shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune for his policy of excessive frugality.
In 1739, following a long dispute with Yoshimune, Muneharu was forced into retirement and confined within the grounds of Nagoya Castle. A relative succeeded him as lord of Owari, taking the name Tokugawa Munekatsu. After the death of Yoshimune, Muneharu moved outside the palace grounds. He died in 1764, but was not forgiven, and a metal net was placed over his grave to indicate his status. When a later shogun installed his own son as lord of Owari, 75 years after the death of Muneharu, he had the net removed as a gesture of pardon.
- source : wikipedia


Onchiseiyō (OnchiSeiyo, Onchi Seiyo) 温知政要 - published 1731





慈悲憐憫が第一の学問



「忍」の二文字を戒めとする


- reference : waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki -


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徳川宗春 江戸を超えた先見力
Tokugawa Muneharu : Edo o koeta senkenryoku.

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. kenyaku 倹約 frugality, thrift - Sparsamkeit .
. Buke shohatto 武家諸法度 Laws for the Samurai .
12 Samurai throughout the realm are to practice frugality.


「増税派の吉宗」Yoshimune for more taxes
and
「減税派の宗春」Muneharu for less taxes





source : blog.goo.ne.jp/masakasa_2007


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CLICK for more photos !

- quote -
"The theme of this karakuri is created on the image of Tokugawa Muneharu, the 7th Lord of the Owari Clan.
Tokugawa Muneharu was a multi-talented lord of strong individuality.
He wandered the streets of Nagoya wearing showy clothes, surprising people with his unique appearance. He also promoted local commerce and arts. By so doing, he greatly contributed to the economic and cultural development of Nagoya."
- source : kikuko-nagoya.com/html/karakuri-dokei-




徳川宗春 - 徳川美術館 Tokugawa Bijustukan Nagoya

- quote -
a private art museum, located on the former Ōzone Shimoyashiki compound in Nagoya, central Japan. Its collection contains more than 12,000 items, including swords, armor, Noh costumes and masks, lacquer furniture, Chinese and Japanese ceramics, calligraphy, and paintings from the Chinese Song and Yuan dynasties (960-1368).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


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