Legends, monsters, yokai

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. Japanese Legends - 伝説　民話　昔話 – ABC-List .
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Legends and Tales from Edo 江戸の伝説

. Edo, Tokyo　江戸　-　東京 - と伝説 Legends .
- Main Collection -



江戸東京伝説散歩 / 岡崎柾男


. 江戸 Edo - 妖怪 Yokai monsters, 幽霊 Yurei ghosts .
- Introduction -


. Edo Nana Fushigi 江戸七不思議 The Seven Wonders of Edo　 .
- with amazing legends . . .


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ema no uma 絵馬の馬 the horse from the votive tablet
at the Asakusa Kannondo Hall 浅草観音堂

. 狩野元信 Kano Motonobu . (1476―1559）- Painter

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. Yaguchi no watashi 矢ノ口渡 .
and the death of Nitta Yoshioki 新田義興 (? - 1358)


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. Hidari Jingoroo 左甚五郎 Hidari Jingoro .
a legendary carpenter and woodcarver with many carved animals come alive


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江戸の都市伝説 --- 怪談奇談集 collection of monster legends
志村有弘


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. Japanese Legends - 伝説　民話　昔話 – ABC-List .

. minwa 民話　folktales / densetsu 伝説　Japanese Legends .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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takenoko bamboo shoots

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. Food vendors in Edo .
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Edo no takenoko 江戸の筍 bamboo shoots in Edo
Bambussprossen. Bambussprössling



. take no ko, takenoko 筍 bamboo shoots 　 .
笋（たけのこ）, takanna たかんな, たかうな、たけのこ、　竹の子
hachiku no ko 淡竹の子（はちくのこ）bamboo sprouts
madake no ko 苦竹の子（まだけのこ）- 真竹
moosoochiku no ko 孟宗竹の子（もうそうちくのこ）

. takenoko meshi 筍飯（たけのこめし） rice with bamboo sprouts .
..... nokomeshi のこめし, tako una たこうな, takanna たかんな
takenoko gohan sold in Meguro 目黒　 (see below)

The Edoites liked "first things", hatsumono 初物, and one of them were the first bamboo shoots of the season.
haru no takenoko 春の筍 - bamboo shoots in spring
..... haru take no ko 春筍 / ..... shunjun 春筍

There were even some kind of hot houses around Edo where vegetables could be grown earlier than the normal season outside and sold at a good price.



source :　furuhonkirikoya.blog

takenoko uri たけのこ売り vendor of bamboo shoots in Edo

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takenoko isha 筍医者 a kind of yabuisha 藪医者　quack doctor
or even worse than a yabu-isha.

. isha 医者, ishi 医師 doctors in Edo .
Sugita Genpaku 杉田玄白 （1733―1817） was called takenoko isha.


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. take no ko shinji 筍神事 bamboo shoots ritual .
at Shrine Asusuki Jinja 阿須々伎神社
myooga matsuri 茗荷祭 Japanese ginger festival in February


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. Bamboo shoots - takenoko bamboo shoot legends - 筍 / 竹の子 伝説 .
Taketori Monogatari 竹取物語 The Tale of the Bamboo cutter
also known as
Kaguya Hime かぐや姫 Princess Kaguya, Shining Princess
and more . . .

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- quote -
Springtime for bamboo
Few plants are as useful as bamboo. A member of the grass family, it is fast growing and very prolific given the right growing conditions, which makes it eco-friendly too.

The bamboo plant is indispensable in the Japanese kitchen, where every part of it is used. The leaves and bark are employed as wrappers, as well as in cooking. (Those little green leaf-shaped pieces of plastic called baran that are used as a divider in bentō boxes and takeout sushi are designed to emulate the shape of bamboo leaves — better sushi places still use the real thing.) The stalks of the plants are used as food containers, and thin skewers made of bamboo are used for everything from yakitori chicken to testing if your cake is done. So many kitchen implements are made from bamboo that it’s impossible to list them all, but it’s particularly hard to imagine making proper sushi rolls without a makisu, a bamboo sushi roll mat.


Although the tender bark is edible too, the most widely eaten parts of the bamboo plant are the shoots, which grow underground in the spring. Edible bamboo shoots are mentioned in the Kojiki, which was written in the early 8th century, but they weren’t widely eaten until the mid-1600s (early Edo Period), when a tender variety called mōsōchiku was introduced from China.

Fresh bamboo shoots are so strongly identified with springtime that they are accepted as a kigo (seasonal word) in haiku. Nowadays you can have precooked bamboo shoots year round, but in the days before canning, bamboo shoots were an eagerly anticipated sign of the end of winter. The best bamboo shoots are said to be those ones grown around Kyoto, with those grown in northern Kyushu also strong contenders.

Freshly dug bamboo shoots can be simply sliced and eaten raw, and fans of fresh raw bamboo shoots go foraging in the mountains just to enjoy this delicacy. But the longer the shoots are out of the ground the more fibrous they become, and the oxalic and phenolic acids become more pronounced, making them taste bitter unless they are cooked.

In Japan, this is most commonly done by boiling them in a mild alkaline solution — usually the white, cloudy water produced from rinsing rice, or plain water with some rice bran included, plus a sliced red chili pepper. It is believed that the outer skin of the bamboo shoots helps to tenderize them, so the skin is left on when the shoots are simmered.

Another method is to marinate the sliced bamboo shoots in grated daikon radish, which is also mildly alkaline, and preserves a crunchy texture. Still another way to reduce the bitterness is to cook the sliced bamboo shoots in oil, by deep frying them for example — this method is used in Chinese cooking.

Takenoko gohan (rice with bamboo shoots) is a quintessential springtime dish. For the recipe on this page, you could use bamboo shoots that are placed in water from rinsed rice and a sliced red chili pepper, and simmer them until a skewer goes through them easily. You can use ready-cooked bamboo shoots sold in vacuum packs or cans, but do try to make this with fresh bamboo shoots when they are in season. The rice is garnished with another quintessential springtime food — kinome, the tender young shoots of the sanshō pepper tree. Give it a go, and bring spring to your kitchen.
- source : Japan Times 2014 - Makiko Itoh -


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歌川豊国 Utagawa Toyokuni




Children digging for bamboo shoots
子どもたち、おおいに筍掘る図




Meguro no Takenoko 目黒の筍 Bamboo from Meguro 

山路治郎兵衛勝孝　Yamaji Jirobei Katsutaka introduced the farming of 孟宗竹 mosochiku bamboo in Meguro. He tried it first in the garden of his own villa in Shinawgawa.
He begun selling it in three venues:
1- He delivered it to the local markets in babmoo baskets high on the back of horses.
2- He sold them at the regular market of the Meguro Fudo temple, a popular spot in the Edo period.
3- He asked the tea stalls along the path to Meguro Fudo to sell 筍飯 "Babmoo Shoots with Rice" as a local speciality.




A school in Meguro has the bamboo shoots in their crest to our day.
目黒区立中目黒小学校


source :　edoyasai.sblo.jp/article



目黒の筍縁起 / 浅黄斑 The story of the bamboo shoots from Meguro


. Meguro Fudo Temple 目黒不動 - 瀧泉寺.


reference :　edococo.exblog.jp - 目黒の筍林

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Kabuki : Honchô Nijûshikô 本朝二十不孝　Honcho Niju Shiko
Twenty-Four Examples of Filial Piety

- quote -
From ancient time, the Twenty-Four Examples of Filial Piety, one of the Confucian classics, has taught respect for one's parents with stories that seem rather strange and even grotesque today.
For example, there is the story of the man whose sick mother wanted fresh fish in the dead of winter and so the man lay naked on the ice until he melted a hole through and the gods, taking pity on his plight saw that fish jumped out through this hole.
Another story has a mother who wants to eat fresh bamboo shoots in the dead of winter. A dutiful son digs through the snow and finds that, miraculously, there are bamboo shoots growing underneath the snow.
- source : www.kabuki21.com TAKENOKO HORI 筍堀」 -


. Legend about a son of great filial piety 親孝行息子 . .
Filial piety is a virtue highly praised in the teachings of Confucius.

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雪中筍掘り Digging for bamboo shoots in the snow
a sobachoko そば猪口 pot for dipping soba buckwheat noodles


source :　越前屋平太


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netsuke with bamboo shoot and snail 筍根付


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tea cup with bamboo design
名乾山写 飴釉七夕文茶碗作　者寺尾陶象


source :　www.gmo-toku.jp


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たけのこまつり Takenoko Bamboo shoots festival
in Uchikawa 内川, Ishikawa prefecture



A samurai from the Kaga han domaine called 岡本右太夫 Okamoto Migidayu (? - 1817) had first eaten bamboo shoot dishes in Edo and liked it very much. When he came back to Kanazawa he brought some bamboo plants of mosochiku 孟宗竹 with him. He re-planted them many times to find a type that suited the soil of Kanazawa and now they are a speciality of our town, Uchikawa.

別所町在住の向田吉右衛門がこの地に栽培した . . .
- source : uchikawa-k1.bz-office.net -


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. 河鍋暁斎 Kawanabe Kyosai .

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竹林での筍（たけのこ）掘り digging for bamboo shoots in a bamboo grove

歌川豊国 Utagawa Toyokuni

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- - - - - Edo specialities with bamboo shoots



junkan, shunkan 筍羹 / 笋羹 / 筍干 boiled bamboo shoots and
assorted simmered dishes, including vegetables rolled in a sheet of deep-fried tofu.
A favorite since the Muromachi period.
In Kagoshima bamboo shoots are boiled with salted meat of pigs (or wild boars) and other vegetables.

junkan / shunkan was first introduced as par of the
. fucha ryori　普茶料理 Chinese-style Buddhist vegetarian cuisine .


takenokawa makisushi 竹の皮巻すし Sushi rolled in bamboo leaves
- - - - - take no kawa 竹の皮　dried bamboo leaves were often used as wrappers.

takenoko aemono 竹の子 和え物 bamboo shoots with special dressing

takenoko dengaku　竹の子田楽 Dengaku with bamboo shoots

takenoko meshi 筍めし bamboo shoots boiled with rice

takenoko nikomi tamago 笋煎入卵 bamboo shoots boiled with eggs

takenoko sashimi　竹の子刺身 Sashimi with bamboo

takenoko shirumono　竹の子汁物 bamboo shoots in soup

takenoko sushi 筍すし Sushi made with bamboo pieces
- - - - - made from hachiku 淡竹 Hachiku bamboo.

takenoko teriyaki 照焼き broiled after being soaked in sweetened soy sauce


. 100 Favorite Dishes of Edo 江戸料理百選 .
Bamboo is not mentioned among them.

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

竹の子の千世もぽっきり折にけり
takenoko no chiyo mo pokkiri ore ni keri

the thousand year
bamboo shoot...
snap! broken

Kobayashi Issa


Robin D. Gill points out that pokkiri in the Edo era connoted "the sound made when a hard thing breaks." Shinji Ogawa explains:
"If there were no people, the bamboo shoot would grow to adulthood and enjoy the thousand years of its life. But someone has snapped the bamboo shoot for dinner."
Tr. David Lanoue

. WKD : take no ko, takenoko <> bamboo shoots 筍 .
- - kigo for summer - -


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by Ueda Mucho 上田無腸 (1734 - 1809)

無腸上田秋成 Mucho Ueda Akinari、筍圖併俳句讃 -
- source : oukodou/gallery -


. Ueda Akinari 上田秋成 (1734 - 1809) .
He is famous for his eerie ghost stories and strange fiction in Japan.

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. Edo yasai 江戸伝統野菜 Vegetables of Edo .

. 100 Favorite Dishes of Edo 江戸料理百選 .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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niuriya food

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. Food vendors in Edo .
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niuriya, niuri-ya 煮売屋 / 煮売り屋 / にうりや selling simmered, boiled food
saiya 菜屋
niurizakaya 煮売り酒屋 selling simmered food and sake
ichizen meshiya 一膳飯屋 quick lunch vendor
ochazuke ya お茶漬け屋 selling o-chazuke



source :　cleanup.jp
niuri zakaya 煮売り酒屋 selling simmered food and sake
A kind of famires, fami res 　ファミレス "family restaurant" .

They sold all kinds of simmered food, like fish, beans and boxes with a variety simmered food (nishime 煮しめ). This is the forerunner of "fast food" in Edo. Most walked around in Edo to sell their food, others had a fixed stall (yatai 屋台). Specialised shops were called
niuri chaya 煮売茶屋 tea stalls selling simmered food.
They also sold soups, sashimi raw fish, nigiri sushi, nabemono hodge-podge and other kinds of "family food".
They sold their food in the stalls on small tablets, which were placed on the tatami beside the customer.
The true 居酒屋 izakaya for drinking only did not even have a place to sit.



source :　shokubun/izakaya

Most of them made their business in the evening, but theirs was also a source of fire, so they had to be very careful with open fires to heat the food.
The niuriya business was strictly forbidden in Edo to work at night from 1661 to 1799.


Others sold their food from a boat, floating along the canals of Edo.
niuribune　煮売船 / 煮売り船
They sold to customers on ferries or pleasure boats.



source :　suganet_2005/sasie


. chaya, -jaya 茶屋 tea shop, tea stall in Edo .

. Edo Yatai 江戸屋台 Food stalls in Edo .

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Niuriya - 落語 a Rakugo story  - told in English !
- source : kamigatarakugo.wordpress.com/ -

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煮売屋の入り婿 The son-in-law of the Niuriya shop
山中公男

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source :　江波文學塾

niurizakaya 煮売り酒屋 selling simmered food and sake


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江戸生まれの握りずし ... Nigiri Sushi born in Edo



When did nigirizushi appear in the Edo period?
It was about 200+ years ago assuming it appeared around 1810, or Bunka • Bunsei eras (1804 to 1830).
「握りずし」が世の中に広まったのはいつ頃なのかを調べて見ると、江戸時代後期の「化政期」と呼ばれる年代の、文化・文政年間（1804年〜1830年）頃ではないかということが浮かんできます。
　これを、1810年と仮定したとすると、今から205年前ということになります。
- source : benricho.org/kazu... -

. nigirizushi にぎり鮨 / 握りずし hand-kneaded sushi .

- quote -
Hanaya Yohei and the beginning of nigiri-zushi

- source : thesushigeek.com/the-sushi-geek ... -


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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

我が庵や元日も来る雑煮売
我庵や元日も来る雑煮売
waga io ya ganjitsu mo kuru zooni uri

my humble hut -
but on the New Year's Day
the soup vendor comes
Tr. Gabi Greve

Kobayashi Issa

Since people were not supposed to cook on the New Year day, the vendors were very busy.
Issa lived in Edo, Hatchobori, when he wrote this haiku.

. WKD : Zoni... 雑煮　(ぞうに) New Year Soup.
- kigo for the New Year -

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富士仰ぐ一膳飯屋のさくらえび
Fuji aogu ichizenmeshiya no sakura-ebi

looking up to Mount Fuji
the cherryblossom shrimp
of the quick lunch shop

平林孝子　Hirabayashi Takako


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. sakuraebi, sakura ebi, sakura-ebi 桜蝦 "cherryblossom shrimp.
- - kigo for late spring -

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. Izakaya in Edo 江戸の居酒屋 .


. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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- - - - - #edoniuriya #niuriya #nigirizushi - - - -
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kabunakama merchant guild

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. The rich merchants of Edo -　豪商　gooshoo .
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kabunakama, kabu nakama 株仲間 merchant guild, merchant coalition
za 座 trade guilds, industrial guilds, artisan guilds

. Tanuma Okitsugu 田沼意次 .
encouraged the kabunakama system in Edo.
Roju Tanuma 老中 田沼意次 - 株仲間の奨励

Until then most of the tax payments had been the rice produced by the farmers of a domaine.
With natural disasters, drought and the great famine Tanuma turend to the merchants for more tax money and licensing fees.
He also introduced tax pamyemnt like
myoogakin 冥加金 and
unjookin 運上金 transportation tax, 長崎運上 related to Nagasaki since 1699

But all this in the end only leads to bribes and more bribes of those who have accumulated riches.



- quote
... merchant guilds in Edo period Japan, which developed out of the basic merchants' associations known as nakama. The kabunakama were entrusted by the shogunate to manage their respective trades, and were allowed to enjoy a monopoly in their given field.

Some kabunakama, known as gomen-kabu, were even allowed to set prices and manage the operations of other nakama. Though the shogunate originally opposed monopolies, they eventually gave in to the increasing numbers and organization of merchants' associations, and decided to make an attempt to control them by officially licensing them. In 1721, the government began to authorize individual nakama to become kabunakama (kabu refers to "shares", though these were themselves not tradeable), and to oversee the organization and trade within given fields. The goal was to encourage cooperation, not competition, and always to work towards the goal of advancing the economy. It is said that these groups became quite social and merchants' moral codes thus developed to a significant degree. Those who were not following ethical market behavior, behaving uncooperatively, or encouraging competition, were shunned by their kabunakama comrades, and likely by the larger market community.

The structure was originally created to replace older guilds, known as za 座, and by 1785, there were over one hundred kabunakama in Osaka alone, including a number granted special privileges by the shogunate, but taxed heavily in exchange. Some of these were groups entrusted and authorized to control the nation's trade in precious metals, iron, and copper.

In the 1840s, rōjū grand chancellor Mizuno Tadakuni attempted to do away with the kabunakama, in order to combat monopolies, but this and many of his other reforms were resisted so strongly by the merchants of Osaka (and others) that he was forced to abandon his efforts.
The kabunakama were all dissolved, however, in 1870 as the economy modernized and new forms of business associations appeared.
- source : wikipedia


- quote -
The za (座 lit. 'seat' or 'pitch')
were one of the primary types of trade guilds in feudal Japan.
They grew out of protective cooperation between merchants and temples and shrines; merchants would travel and transport goods in groups, for protection from bandits and the vacillating whims of samurai and daimyo (feudal lords). They would also enter into arrangements with temples and shrines to sell their goods on a pitch or platform in the temple's (or shrine's) grounds, placing themselves under the auspices and protection of the temple or shrine. The word za, meaning seat, pitch, or platform, was thus applied to the guilds. The name may have also come, more simply, from the idea of merchants within a guild or association sharing a seat or platform in the marketplace.
. . . The earliest za
came into being in the 12th century, consisting not only of trade guilds, but also guilds of performers and entertainers. Even today, performers of kabuki and noh are in associations called za (see Kabuki-za).
The za trade guilds appeared as a major force in the 14th century, and lasted in their original forms through the end of the 16th, when other guilds and trade organizations arose and subsumed the za.
Za in the Muromachi period
Za in the Sengoku and Edo periods
"free" markets and guilds, known respectively as rakuichi (楽市) and rakuza (楽座).
... One of the new types of organization was called nakama (仲間), or kabunakama (株仲間) when they were authorized by the Shogun.
... Another type of trade group, called toiya (or tonya in Edo), served as wholesale merchants, focusing primarily on shipping and warehousing. At this time, Osaka came into its own as a great port, and eclipsed Kyoto as the nation's primary center of trade, contributing further to the downfall of the original za.
- continue reading
- source : wikipedia -

- quote -
Ton'ya 問屋 trade brokers
called toiya outside of Edo, were trade brokers in Japan, primarily wholesalers, warehouse managers, and shipment managers; the term applies equally to the traders themselves and to their shops or warehouses. First appearing as early as the 12th century, ton'ya came to serve a crucial role in the economy of the Edo period (1603-1867).
The earliest record of a toi-otoko (問男) may be one from 1175, in which a number of Court officials hire an outside boatsman to transport them down the Yodo River. As he was not a servant or agent of the Court, or any manor, but rather a man hired out privately, this represents the emergence of the sorts of private enterprises which would come to dominate the economy centuries later.
The ton'ya of the Edo period were little different, essentially acting as independent agents for specific elements of the domestic trade; most often they were shippers, but many were local handlers, middlemen, or warehousers. They would be hired by a firm (a merchant, a shop, etc.) which operated out of one of the big cities to manage or handle the firm's goods in some other portion of the country. Wholesale freight shippers operating out of Osaka, transporting goods to Edo, numbered at least 24 in 1700, and a great many "guilds" existed specializing in the handling of individual types of goods, such as cotton, sugar, or paper. In addition, there were groups such as the Satsuma Tonya and the Matsumae clan Tonya, who specialized in the handling and transportation of goods within two of Japan's four great "gates" to the outside world; Matsumae, in Hokkaidō, governed the trade with the Ainu and Imperial Russia, while Satsuma, in Kyūshū, controlled trade with the Ryūkyū Kingdom and, through them, trade with Qing China.
Between the ton'ya and the numerous other types of groups in Osaka and Edo, including kabunakama, rakuza, and rice brokers (komedonya), Japan's primary urban commercial centers were extremely organized and powerful by the middle of the Edo period. Most of these groups would dissolve or evolve into something else entirely by the end of the Edo period, but they served an important role in facilitating the emergence of fully nationwide trade in early modern Japan.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


. komedonya, kome no tonya 米問屋 rice brokers - Introduction .

. juuhachi daitsuu 十八大通 18 big spenders in Edo .
most of them were the money-lenders of Kuramae　蔵前.


. tonya, toiya 問屋と伝説 Legends about trade brokers .


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. . . Merchants and shopkeepers occupied the bottom of the social scale.
Initially they were hampered by restrictions on travel and trade, but later the increase in urban population as well as the need for greater cooperation between fiefs, led to the creation of guilds, and restrictions were lifted. Through the formation of guilds, which required official sanction from the Baku-Han, a nationwide network of commerce was established. It met important needs of both the Tokugawa Government and the local Daimyo. Tokugawa officials needed a convenient way to exchange for gold the tax revenue they received in rice. The Daimyo needed a central location at which to exchange their provincial goods for the goods of other provinces and thereby enhance the self-sufficiency of their fief. Both the Daimyo and the Tokugawa lords were motivated to support the guilds by a desire to increase the splendor of their lives.

The Baku-Han designated the city of Osaka as the principle port of exchange. There, great rice warehouses were established and a central currency was promoted. Rice warehouses became brokers and then lenders, trading on rice futures. The sanction of specific trade guilds, such as silk and sugar, soon followed. Next were the shipping guilds which improved the flow of merchandise and the carpentry guilds which enabled large-scale construction. Osaka quickly became the country's main center of commerce and its population of sellers, buyers and middlemen steadily grew.
- source : Steven Hunziker -

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天保十二年（1841）十二月、株仲間（商工業者の独占的な同業者組織）の解散令が出された
The kabunakama system has been abolished in 1841.


「諸道具寄合噂はなし」　
歌川国芳 Utagawa Kuniyoshi

- source : Tobacco and Salt Museum -


- quote -
The Role of the Merchant Coalition
in Pre-modern Japanese Economic Development:
An Historical Institutional Analysis
- source : Tetsuji Okasaki - pdf file -

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江戸の市場経済
歴史制度分析からみた株仲間


岡崎哲二 - amazon com

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Change in Tokugawa Japan
Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan
Edo jidai ni okeru kabu nakama kumiai seido

- reference -



Economy of Feudal Japan:
Nanban Trade, Shoen, Rice Broker, Za, Han, Scrip of EDO Period Japan, Wada Kaichin, Koban, Koku, Tonya, Ie, Kabunakama
- source : www.amazon.co.jp -


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. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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- - - - - #edokabunakama #kabunakama #tonya #brokers - - - -
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hairstyle

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Hairstyles and hairdressers in Edo - - 髪 kami


CLICK for more photos !

. WKD : hair, hairstyle and kigo .
- Introduction -
- - - - - Edo Tsumami-Kanzashi 江戸つまみ簪 Ornamental Hairpins
- - - - - kanzashi uri かんざし売り hairpin vendor in Edo


. kami no omamori　髪のお守り　amulets for hair .
bihatsu kigan 美髪祈願 praying for beautiful hair
- - - - - The wordｓ KAMI 神　for deity and KAMI 髪　for hair have a close relationship.
Mikami Jinja 御髪神社 Kyoto
kamizuka 髪塚 hair mound
priest Semimaru 蝉丸法師 and Sakagami Hime 逆髪姫 Princess "hair standing up"
Kushinadahime クシナダヒメ - Kushi inada hime　－櫛名田比売 - 奇稲田姫



. okanjake おかんじゃけ / 御髪下 stick with hair made from bamboo .

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katsurashi, katsura shi　鬘師 wig maker
In the Edo period, wigs were not usually worn by normal people, but only by actors.
The wigs had to be carefully adjusted to the face of an actor in a certain role he was going to play.


鬘師の友九郎 The Kabuki wig maker Tomokuro
- source : Kabuki Costume - Ruth Shaver - googlebook -

- quote -
A wig for an actor or for a puppet. 役者や人形のための鬘。
Wigs used in Kabuki 歌舞伎
Japanese wig-making techniques date back to the 17th century Kabuki theater when men, who traditionally shaved the top of their heads, had to play the roles of women, Thus a wig-making industry grew up to serve the onnagata Kabuki actors (men playing the roles of women).
The wig is based on a "daigane" [台金 base-metal], a thin copper plate which is pounded to fit the shape of actor's head, onto which the hair weave (蓑 mino) is attached. It is said that this technique was invented in the Enpo Era (1673-1681). In the late Edo Period, "habutae" [羽二重 a kind of thin silk cloth] was attached to the thin copper plate to make the hairline appear more natural. This made the hair appear as though it were actually growing from the head.
They are basically constituted of 4 parts:
bin 鬢 [the sections of hair on both sides of the face],
tabo 髷 [hair on the back of the head],
mage 髱 [central section of hair done up in various shapes] - and
maegami 前髪 [forelock].
The shape of each of these parts can be changed with use of accessories called kakemono 掛け物 ("things attached") or sashimono さし物 ("things stuck through").　
The roles and their characteristics are expressed by variations and combinations of each of these parts. For the same reason as for costumes, the degrees of exaggeration and stylization in Jidaimono are more extreme than for Sewamono.
The variety of wigs for Tachiyaku (male roles) is said to be about 1,000 kinds, but for Onnagata (female roles) there are only about 400, because the roles and their characteristics set for Tachiyaku are more complex.
- source : glopad.org/jparc -


. kamojiya 髪文字屋 / 髢屋 dealer in fallen hair .
ochanai おちゃない female collectors of fallen hair in Edo
kami　髪　お守り　amulets for growing hair


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. hatsu kami 初髪 (はつかみ) "first hair"
..... 初結（はつゆい）first combing the hair
having the hair made up for the first time
..... yuizome 、結初（ゆいぞめ）
toshi no kami 年の髪（としのかみ）
sukizome 梳初 (すきぞめ) first combing the hair


hatsu shimada 初島田（はつしまだ）first Shimada-style hair

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kamioki, kami oki 髪置 (かみおき) binding up the hair
..... kushi oki 櫛置（くしおき） using a comb
November 15, the full moon night of the Asian lunar calendar
Boys and girls at age three are combed tn this fashion for the first time. This is a celebration of growing up for the whole family.
A wig is made from white hemp or cotton and put on the head of the children, to show they will grow to ripe old age. After visiting the family deity (ujigami) there is a feast with all the relatives.
Boys are next celebrated at age 5, when they put on their first hakama trousers.
Shichigosan . Seven-Five-Three Festival

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chonmage ちょんまげ/ 丁髷 topknot
"samurai buns"
traditional hairstyle for samurai in the feudal era
It was originally a method of using hair to hold a samurai helmet steady atop the head in battle, and became a status symbol among Japanese society.
A traditional Edo-era chonmage featured a shaved pate. The remaining hair, which was long, was oiled and tied into a small queue which was folded onto the top of the head in the characteristic topknot.
During the Edo period, men of the hinin outcast class were required to keep their hair cut short without topknots.
Westerners associated the chonmage with backwardness and a lack of civilisation and this was one reason why Japanese cut their hair.
- source : more in the wikipedia


ema　絵馬　votive tablets with cut-off hair of samurai.
. hairstyles, chonmage ちょんまげ topknot .


The law sanpatsu dattoo 散髪脱刀 was enacted in 1871
In 1876, the haitoo-rei廃刀令 forbade non-uniformed personnel from wearing swords.
- quote -
(1871) Japan Abolishes the Samurai Topknot
On August 9, 1871 (Meiji 4), the Japanese government issued the danpatsurei (断髪令, Cropped Hair Edict), encouraging samurai to cut their distinctive chonmage topknot. It created a minor photography boom when samurai rushed to photo studios to get their photo taken before their chonmage was cut off. As a result of the edict, Western hair styles, called zangiri (散切り), became increasingly popular. This became a powerful symbol of the dramatic change overtaking Japanese society.

True reformation of the samurai system started when on January 10, 1873 (Meiji 6), the samurai’s right to be the only armed force was abolished and replaced by a modern, western-style, conscripted army. The new system was called chouheirei (徴兵令, Conscription Ordinance) and was the beginning of the end of the samurai system in Japan.

Samurai now became shizoku (士族). They retained some of their salaries, paid for by the government, but these were so low that many samurai were forced to find new employment.
- source : meijishowa.com/calendar -

Exhibition
The shape of chic : fashion and hairstyles in the Floating World
Yale University Art Gallery, March 18-May 4, 1986 / Shauna J. Goodwin.
Publisher [New Haven] : The Gallery, c1986.

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source :　ukiyo-e.org

Actor Nakamura Tomijûrô as a Kamiyui (Hair Dresser)
by Katsukawa Shunsho


kamiyui　髪結い　hairdo master, hairdresser
- - - - - motoyui　元結い　/ mageyui　髷結い
onna kamiyui shi 女髪結師 hairdresser specialized for female hair

Most of the female kamiyui went from home to home in the morning to cater to their regular customers. Some later on opened their own shop.
If a woman worked as a kamiyui, she made enough money to earn her own and feed her husband and family.



source :　rakugo-fan.at.webry.info

- quote -
The Independent Working Woman as Deviant in Tokugawa Japan,
1600-1867
snip
According to historian Nishioka Masako, the first female hairdressers were spotted in Osaka sometime between the Meiwa (1764-71) and Anei (1772-80) eras. While the early hairdressers catered mostly to women of the pleasure quarters, it was not long before they began attracting women of the artisan and merchant classes. Yasukuni has pointed out that popular hairstyles were not only fashionable but also convenient, particularly for the townswomen who could maintain the same set for up to one or two months. By the Kaei (1848-53) era, there were more than 1,400 female hairdressers in Edo alone.

The emergence of the hairdressers exemplifies how far female labor had developed by the mid-Tokugawa period. In writer Tamenaga Shunsui's Shunshoku umegoyomi (1832), one of the female characters is a young hairdresser who is described as a tomboy, otherwise known as "anego" (female boss) among the town youths. While there is no reason to assume that all hairdressers took on a masculine character, it is likely that many were either self-sufficient or less dependent on the ie. Given the phrase, "kamiyui no teishu" (the hairdresser's husband) that referred to a man who lived off a woman's income, historian Seki Tamiko has suggested that the hairdressers' earnings were often on a par with men's.

The newly invented stereotypes that address the hairdressers' potential self-sufficiency must be considered within the context of a rapidly expanding commercial economy that supported the employment of independent wage-earning women and the society's continued fascination with yet denigration of female labor. As historian Susan Hanley has pointed out, during the course of the Tokugawa period the townspeople spent large proportions of their incomes on status goods and gifts to maintain and enhance existing social networks. These acts were serious challenges to the rigid social distinctions of the period and frowned upon by the Tokugawa government. In an episode in businessman Mitsui Takafusa's (1684-1748) Chonin kokenroku (ca. 1730), a merchant of Edo is severely punished when his spendthrift wife is mistaken for a lady by none other than the Shogun himself.

As historian Mikiso Hane has explained, some merchant households lost their fortunes by incurring the wrath of the ruling authorities. Hence the women who catered to the extravagant needs of merchant wives and daughters faced heavy consequences when they violated the official banning of hairdressers in a series of moral reforms in the late eighteenth century. Not only were the hairdressers fined, but their husbands and parents were also held accountable. Nevertheless, the hairdressers were continually brought back by popular demand.
- - - - - more  - source : Shiho Imai



CLICK for more Ukiyo-E with hair dressers.
喜多川歌麿 Kitagawa Utamaro

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kamiyuidoko　髪結床 hairdresser shop, hairstylist shop
Apart from cutting hair and doing hairstyles, many also offered cutting the beard of men ひげを剃る.

The first shop of this kind was opened by the hairstylist of Tokugawa Ieyasu、北小路藤七郎
Kitakoji Toshichiro. He got the permission to travel freely in Japan and finally settled in 赤羽 Akabane in Edo. In the time of the fourth generation, 幸次郎, he was allowed to open a shop in each suburb of Edo 一町一軒の髪結床.

- - - - - Later there were


source :　blog.livedoor.jp/mugai_de_ia
uchidoko 内床 barbers working at home (clients were mostly men)

- and



dedoko　出床 hairdresser setting up a mobile shop at a busy road or bridge. Some also worked there with the order of keeping an eye on the people crossing the bridge (a sort of spy for the local police station).

and

bindarai 鬢盥 hairdresser working in the home of a client



source :　blog.livedoor.jp/m-95_72230

「かみいどこ」 kami idoko in the local dialect of Edo.
Exhibit at the Fukagawa Edo Museum 深川江戸資料館


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. Edo Sanza 江戸三座 Kabuki in Edo .

梅雨小袖昔八丈 Tsuyu Kosode Mukashi Hachijô
Kamiyui Shinza　髪結新三　The Barber Shinza

The drama "Tsuyu Kosode Mukashi Hachijô" was premiered at the Nakamuraza in June 1873. It was based on Shunkintei Ryûô III's popular narrative "Shirokoya Seidan", which was about the exploit of the magistrate Ôoka Echizen-no-Kami Tadasuke (1677~1751) to solve the Shirokoya case.
Kawatake Shinshichi II was more interested in a crooked hairdresser than the upright magistrate. As a consequence, the scenes with Ôoka Echizen-no-Kami Tadasuke are rarely performed nowadays.

- summary
Shinza has enticed Chushichi, the Shirakoya clerk, to aid him in kidnapping Okuma, daughter of the Shirakoya's owner. Shinza sent back Yatagoro Genshichi, the gang leader who came to negotiate with him, but the landlord Chobe who comes to see Shinza is more than Shinza can cope with, and Shinza decides to release Okuma in exchange for 30 ryo in cash. But Chobe talks Shinza down and cheats him out of 15 ryo and half of a large bonito. Later, Genshichi ambushes Shinza and kills him to avenge the humiliation he suffered because of Shinza.
Usually this work is performed from the 'Shirakoya misesaki' scene in which Shinza persuades Chushichi to join his plot, to the 'Fukagawa emmadobashi' scene in which Genshichi takes his revenge on Shinza.

- Read the full text of the play here
- source : kabuki21.com/kamiyui_shinza




Kamiyui Shinza　髪結新三　The Barber Shinza

- Costume
Kamiyui Shinza is one of the dramatis personae of a Sewamono which realistically describes the lives of common people of the Edo period, so his costume is not exaggerated compared to the common people's clothing in that period. The characteristics of each role are expressed by the colors and patterns of their kimono. Shinza's costume is blue as shown in the photograph. This blue color shows that he is a stylish character, a fashionable edokko.
A tasuki (cord used to tuck up sleeves) is made by connecting pieces of mottoi (paper cords for tying up hair) used to tie mage (topknot or chignon), showing a customs of the kamiyui (hairdressers) of the period.

- Props
Kamiyui Shinza holds props reproduced so that they are identical to the tools used by ordinary hairdressers in the Edo period, and realistically acts out the situation of dressing hair. The actor playing this role learns in advance how to handle the tools and how to do hairdressing from the artisan called Tokoyama who dresses wigs, so that onstage the actor can look like a real hairdresser.
- source : Japan Arts Council, 2007


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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -


Four haiku by Kobayashi Issa about hairstyle, hairdo, hairdresser
Tr. by David Lanoue

髪結も大小さして初袷
kamiyui mo daishoo sashite hatsu awase

their hairstyles
long and short...
new summer kimonos


髪結も白い仲間や花の陰
kamiyui mo shiroi nakama ya hana no kage

the hairdos
of companions all white...
blossom shade


短よや髪ゆひどのの草の花
mijika yo ya kamiyui dono no kusa no hana

short summer night--
the hairdresser's wildflowers
blooming


夕立や髪結所の鉢の松
yuudachi ya kamiyui-doko no hachi no matsu

rainstorm--
outside the hairdresser's
a potted pine


. Welcome to Kobayashi Issa in Edo ! .

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寒紅や夫の好まぬ髪結はむ
池上不二子

さんざしの花巫女になる髪結うて
今野福子

祭髪結うてひねもす厨事
転馬嘉子



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髪結いの伊三次 Kamiyui no Isaji


source : blog.goo.ne.jp/aboo-kai/e


He was the hero of a jidaigeki period drama in 1999.
According to a novel by 宇江佐真理 Ueza Mari (1949 - )

髪結い伊三次捕物余話 Kamiyui Isaji Torimono Yowa



- reference -


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. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


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