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. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo 江戸の名所 .
- legends about hunting with falcons, see below -
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Kamimeguro, Kami-Meguro 上目黒
. Meguro 目黒区 Meguro-ku, Meguro ward .
Meguro was home to the hawks and falcons hunting grounds (takajo 鷹所）of the Shogun, first developed by Tokugawa Ieyasu himself, because he was an avid hunter.
. 幕府放鷹制度 Bakufu government rules about takagari 鷹狩 .
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Kami-Meguro - The Shogun's Hawk-Hunting Grounds
A long procession of men streams down the country road. Today I am going to take you along with Matsudaira-dono and a large party of his retainers to the western fringe of the city. The shogun is on one of his annual hawk-hunting expeditions, and has asked Matsudaira-dono to come along for a few days and take part.
The shogun has seven
taka-jo (hawking estates) strategically located in a ring around the city. From these estates, it is possible to get quickly to any of the major farming villages and small towns in the greater Edo vicinity. The location of hawk-hunting estates is very important, and the first shogun, Ieyasu, spent a great deal of time in planning them. The one that you are going to, in Meguro, is well placed at the center of a busy farming region, and it can serve as a base of operations to visit all of the farming villages in the area. It might seem strange that the head of the
bakufu (government) pays so much attention to hawking, but this is because hunting has other roles besides simply a pastime.
Hawking has been a popular sport among the nobles and high-ranking samurai for many centuries. At first, however, it simply involved an overnight outing to the countryside, where each of the participants would show off the hunting skills of the eagles and hawks that they raised and trained. However, during the
sengoku jidai (the age of warring states), hawk hunting began to take on several other purposes. Hawk hunting expeditions would often last for months at a time, and the daimyo and high-level samurai would cover wide areas of their domains during their hunt.
The leaders discovered that hawk-hunting gave them a convenient excuse to show up unannounced in villages throughout their territory. This allowed them to see for themselves how daily life was in the countryside they ruled, and make sure that everything was all right in the area. If farmers were cheating on their taxes, he would often find evidence when making an unexpected visit. On the other hand, if the local administrators were treating the local people unfairly, the daimyo could ask the people about their conditions as he passed through the villages on one of his hawk-hunting expeditions. However, since the daimyo was just "out hunting", the people would not have any reason to complain, or feel upset that he was spying on them.
When Tokugawa Ieyasu became shogun, he made hawking a very formal part of his yearly activities. He set up hawk-hunting manors throughout his own territory, and encouraged the other daimyo to do so as well. Several times a year he would go on expeditions, and in addition to his hunting companions and hawk-tenders, he also brought along accountants and clerks to check carefully all the local tax and production records of the towns they travel through during their hunts. The shipments of tax rice could be checked and compared with the size of the fields in the town, to see if everyone was paying the proper amount.
In addition, Ieyasu passed a law that allows any farmer or peasant to come forward and make a complaint or petition while the shogun is travelling through their village on a hawk hunt. This way, if the local people have a complaint about how the local government officials are treating them, they can go directly to the shogun with the problem, and don't have to worry that the local leaders might punish them for speaking out. All of Ieyasu's successors have continued the tradition of hawk hunting. The current shogun goes out hawking about six or seven times a year, usually for at least a week.
Although hawking expeditions involve quite a lot of "unofficial business", they are also a chance for the shogun to relax from the dull routine of life at the castle. The shogun is the most powerful man in Japan, but he has to answer to the demands of many different groups -- the Imperial court in Kyoto, each of the local daimyo, the leaders of major temples and shrines throughout the country, the local administrators in Edo, and so on. Back in Ieyasu's day, these demands were still limited, but nowadays the shogun's life seems to be one meeting after another. Hawk hunting gives him a chance to get out of the city and away from all the long, formal meetings. A chance to enjoy the open countryside, fresh air and sunshine!
- 名所江戸百景 -
元不二（元富士）"Old Mount Fujisan" and 新冨士 "New Mount Fujisan"
Hawk hunting is not very strenuous for the shogun and the daimyo who accompany him. However, their main purpose in going on a hawking expedition, in addition to the opportunity to relax and enjoy nature, is to view the farms and villages in the area and study the landscape. Back in the days when daimyo were still fighting one another, the expedition would include many scouts and spies, who would try to find locations for a strong fort, or try to see what was going on in neighboring territories. Nowadays, the men are mainly looking for fields of crops that the farmers did not mention when paying their taxes, or examining new areas where the land might be cleared and made suitable for farming.
Each of the shogun's seven hawking estates, or
taka-jo ("taka" means "hawk") is managed by a staff of several hawk supervisors (
taka-mi). Their job is to raise the hawks and train them to hunt for small birds and rabbits. They also keep an eye on the local villages and make sure they follow the rules. There are many special rules for the areas surrounding the hawk-hunting estates. For example, local people living near the estates are not allowed to have dogs or cats as pets. They also have to get special permission if they need to do any building work, and usually the permission is only granted at certain times of the year when the noise will not disturp the game birds and animals that live in the area. Most of these rules are intended to ensure that there is plenty of game to hunt. Because of these strict rules, the areas of farmland immediately surrounding the hawking manors are filled with birds and game. In fact, as your company crosses the fields and meadows, flocks of game birds can be seen even right near the homes of the local villagers.
The shogun and his companions ride their horses at the front of the long procession. Their hawks are perched on their arms, the head covered by a tiny hood until it is time for the bird to hunt. When the lead riders reach a clearing that looks like a good place for hunting, they dismount and then send a signal back to the servants and assistants who are following them. The assistants then fan out through the woods and begin moving slowly toward the place where the shogun and his companions are waiting.
富士山麓の鷹狩り - 喜多川歌麿 Kitagawa Utamaro
The birds and rabbits in the woods run away from the servants, who make a lot of noise as they walk through the woods. The line of servants continues to move toward the clearing, and eventually the game birds have to fly out into the open to get away. As soon as a game bird flies out into the clearing, one of the riders releases his hawk. The hawk flies swiftly after its prey, soaring into the sky and then wheeling to strike. The hawks are well trained, and they rarely miss a kill. The hawk soars like an arrow towards its prey, striking quickly and bringing down its victim. The assistants collect the dead birds or rabbits once the hawk has made the kill, and put them in a large sack. The game that the hawks catch today will be served to the shogun and his companions at dinner tonight.
The hunt covers a wide area of fields and woodland, stopping many times both to hunt and to speak to local farmers and gather information. After a long day of jogging over hills and fields to keep up with the men on horseback, the guards and servants are exhausted. While the shogun, and the other high-ranking officials dine in the taka-jo's main house, the servants and retainers will roast quail or ducks over the fire. After dinner, they will sit by the fire, lie back smoking their pipes, and gaze at the sparkling stars before dropping off to sleep by the fire.
- source : Edomatsu
. Hayabusachoo, Hayabusachō 隼町 Hayabusacho district . - Chiyoda
When Tokugawa Ieyasu moved to Edo, he loved falconry and his falconers lived in this district.
Also written 鷹匠町 Takajo cho, falconers district.
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- reference source : wheatbaku.exblog.jp -
Many shoguns liked to go for
takagari 鷹狩り hunting with hawks and falcons. During these outings, they used to rest and eat outside.
These places were called (with the honorable 御 O at the beginning):
御腰掛 okoshikake, 御立寄所 otachiyorijo, 御仲休所, 御休憩所 okyusokujo - "resting place"
御膳所 ozenjo、御弁当所 obentojo - "place to eat"
御小休所 oshonbensho - "place to use a toilet"
The best known of these places are shrines and temples :
隅田村の木母寺 Sumida village, Mokubo-Ji - 木下川村の浄光寺 Kinegawa village, Joko-Ji
音羽町の護持院
Otowa village, Goji-In - 中目黒の祐天寺 Naka-Meguro, Yutenji
品川の東海寺 Shinagawa, Tofuku-Ji - 鈴ヶ森八幡 Suzugamori Hachiman - 深川の永代寺 Fukagawa, Eitai-Ji
亀戸村の亀戸天神・普門院 Kameido Tenjin, Fumon-In
. Shinshooji 真性寺 / 眞性寺 Shinsho-Ji . - Sugamo
千駄木の鷹部屋 Sendagi Falconry - 雑司ヶ谷の鷹部屋 Zoshigaya Falconry - 駒場の御用屋敷
Komaba Falconry
上中里村の御用屋敷 Kaminakamura Falconry - 小菅村の伊奈半左衛門屋敷 Kosuge village, estate of Ina Hanzaemon - 中川番所 Nakagawa Guard House
. Komaba district Meguro 駒場 .
Around 1720, the Edo Bakufu Government established this area as a hunting ground for the Shogun, especially 将軍吉宗 Yoshimune, who came here 15 times. Since the Shogun was supposed to catch something on a hunting excursion, the villagers kept some prey in cages and let them loose on a hunting day. These villagers were called
tsuna sashi 綱差
rope feeders.
One of these feeders was 川井権兵衛
Kawai Gonbei.
He planted soy beans in a large plot of land. From a hidden hut he observed when the pheasants came to eat the beans. When many had come he pulled a rope with a net and caught them. But very often before the pheasant there came raven and crows to eat the beans, so he had to run through the fields with a long wooden sword to drive them away . . .
When the Shogun came, he cut small wounds in the wings of the birds and let them fly as an easy pray for his lord.
The Kawai family kept this job for some generations.
. Toofukuji 東福寺 Tofuku-Ji .
ozensho 御膳所 "place to eat" for the Shogun
. Mokuboji 木母寺と梅若丸伝説 Mokubo-Ji and Umewakamaru Legend .
. Otowachoo 音羽町 Otowa district in Edo .
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下目黒 (しもめぐろ) Shimomeguro - 葛飾北斎 Hokusai
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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -
. takagari 鷹狩 hunting with hawks and falcons .
falconry - ... hooyoo 放鷹（ほうよう）
takano 鷹野（たかの）open field with hawks
takajoo 鷹匠 (たかじょう) Takajo, keeper, trainer of the falcons and hawks
... takashi 鷹師（たかし）
- - kigo for all winter - -
naitogari 鳴鳥狩 ないとがり hunting and training with hawks
asa takagari 朝鷹狩（あさたかがり）
asatogari 朝鳥狩（あさとがり）、
oboegari 覚狩（おぼえがり）training the hawk
tomarigari 泊り狩（とまりがり）staying in the mountain (hut for training)
tomariyama, tomari-yama 泊り山（とまりやま）
kikisuedori 聞すえ鳥（ききすえどり）
misuedori 見すえ鳥（みすえどり）
suzuko 鈴子（すずこ） little bell
suzuko sasu taka 鈴子挿す鷹（すずこさすたか）
tsugi ootaka 継尾の鷹（つぎおのたか）
shirao no taka 白尾の鷹（しらおのたか）hawk with a white tail
shirafu no taka 白斑の鷹（しらふのたか）hawk with white spots
Hunting with hawks is done in winter, but the training of the animals starts in spring. They get a bell on one foot and have to learn how to hunt and come back to the master. Often the hawker and his animal stay in a mountain hut for a while together during this time.
- - kigo for late spring - -
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. Japanese Legends - 伝説 民話 昔話 – ABC-List .
about takagari 鷹狩 hunting with hawks
source : nomu.com/machikara...
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愛知県
Aichi 津島市
Tsushima
. kitsune densetsu 狐と伝説 fox legends .
The 尾張大納言
Lord of Owari once came to Tsushima for hunting with hawks.
To make some special medicine he wanted 狐の生肝 the liver of a living fox. 餌指の市兵衛 Hyoe from Ezanshi captured a fox and got all the meat and fur of the fox as reward.
His wife who was at 清洲 Kiyosu became bewitched by a fox, who wanted to have his revenge.
The 大納言 Lord Dainagon thought the fox was a
reijuu 霊獣 sacred animal and sent his retainer 真島権左衛門 Nabeshima Gonzaemon. He let the animal know that he was sacred and had given his life to heal other human beings, which was a rewardable thing to do.
The fox felt honored and let go of the bewitchment.
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Once the Lord of Owari went hunting with hawks in the evening.
He heard the voice coming from the mountain forest:
"Where is the Lord of Owari who had killed a
saru 猿 monkey on 申の歳申の月申の日 the special day of the monkey in the hour of the monkey during the year of the monkey?"
His companions and he himself could not move any more.
The Lord called for a very strong man to help. This man called toward the mountain:
"Who is it out there? Who is it out there?"
In the morning it seemed the monster has left the place and all came back to their senses.
. saru 猿と伝説 Legends about monkeys - Affen .
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愛媛県
Ehime 温泉郡
Onsen district
. shichinin misaki 七人ミサキ Nananin Misaki Legends .
a group of persons who died in an accident or in unnatural circumstances
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- Ehime 西岡
Nichioka and 重信町
Shigenobu town
Once a family of seven went hunting for hawks, (which was forbidden), and even ate the hawk. They were executed by chopping off their heads. Later if people walk by that ground, they will soon encounter some misfortune. The souls of the seven are now venerated at a small Hokora sanctuary as
七社権現 Shichisha Gongen -
The Gongen Deities from Seven Shrines .
(Their photo is in the link about Nananin Misaki Legends above.)
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福岡県
Fukuoka 北九州市
Kita-Kyushu city
. Gozu Tennō 牛頭天王 the "ox-head-heaven-king" deity .
At the shrine 小倉八坂神社
Kokura Yasaka Jinja there is a legend about the beginning of the festival.
Once Lord 細川越中守忠興 Hosokawa Tadaoki (1563 - 1646) went hunting with hawks and took a rest at 不動山 Mount Fudoyama.
There was one small stone shrine and when Tadaoki placed his staff against it, it opened and one 霊鷹 sacred hawk flew out of it. The hawk kicked out both eyes of Tadaoki. He felt great pain, went home soon but would not heal at all. He realized it was the punishment of Gozu Tenno and had a shrine built in his honor. After a performance of a ritual Kagura, 神楽湯立, one eye begun to heal. He had 能興行 another ritual of Noh performed and the other eye begun to heal too.
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栃木県
Tochigi
In the area of 阿曽沼 Asonuma swamp lived a man skilled with falcons.
One day he captured
oshidori 鴛の雄 a male mandarin duck.
That night in a dream a beauiful woman appeared, crying in dispair.
"Why did you kill my husband?" The hunter said "But I did not kill anybody!"
"Yes you did, today in the swamp." Then she flew off and he saw it was the female mandarin duck.
Next morning he looked at the male duck and saw a female one, her beak like kissing him.
The man had a great shock, stopped hunting and became a monk.
. oshidori 鴛鴦 mandarin ducks .
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東京都
Tokyo
In Edo in the district 通銀町二丁目
Tsugin lived a merchant called 堯順 Takayasu. He had employed the child of a hunter who was responsible to provide food for the Falconry in Hachioji. But this child died in an epidemic. They washed the body and wanted to cut its hair, but the scissors did not cut a thing. Then Takayasu looked closer, he saw a beak of a bird had grown at the head, almost as hard as a stone. This was around the year 1680.
. hayariyamai はやり病 / 流行病と伝説 Legends about epidemics .
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. Samuhara サムハラ Samuhara omamori お守り amulets .
Special Divine Protection.
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- reference : Nichibun Yokai Database -
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. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo 江戸の名所 .
. Doing Business in Edo - 商売 - Introduction .
. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .
. senryu, senryū 川柳 Senryu poems in Edo .
. densetsu 伝説 Japanese Legends - Introduction .
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