Criminal Punishment

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. hanzai 犯罪 crime and punishment - Glossary .
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

Criminal Punishment in Edo
Strafe, Bestrafung, Gericht - Todesstrafe in Edo

gokei 五刑 five judicial penalties
keibatsu 刑罰 punishment
keijoo, keijō 刑場 execution ground
Kodenma-choo, Kodenma-chō　小伝馬町 Kodenma-cho prison in Edo
rooya 牢屋 Roya, prison, jail / rooyashiki 牢屋敷 prison compound
shokei 処刑 execution


CLICK for more photos !


. Kodenmachō 小伝馬町 Kodenmacho .
Denma-chō Rōyashiki 伝馬町牢屋敷 Denma-chō Prison

under construction
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- quote
During the Edo period,
Japan used various punishments against criminals. These can be categorized as follows:

Death penalty
Incarceration and Exile
Penal labor
Confiscation of property
Corporal punishment

Death penalty
Serious crimes such as murder and arson were punished by death. The shogunate maintained execution grounds for Edo at Kozukappara, Suzugamori, and Itabashi.
Kozukappara, also known as Kotsukappara or Kozukahara, is currently located near the southwest exit of Tokyo's Minami-Senju Station. It is estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people were executed here. Only part of the site remains, located next to Emmeiji temple, partly buried under the rail tracks and under a more-recent burial ground. Archaeological and morphological research was done by Tokyo University on the skulls found buried here which confirmed the execution methods. Another notable one was located at Suzugamori in Shinagawa. Both sites are still sparsely commemorated in situ with memorial plaques and tombstones.

The shogunate executed criminals in various ways:
Boiling
Burning
Crucifixion for killing a parent, husband etc.
Decapitation by sword
Sawing
Waist-cutting (cutting the person in half). The Kanazawa han coupled this with decapitation.

The death penalty often carried collateral punishments. One was parading the criminal around town prior to execution. A similar one was public display of the criminal prior to execution. A third was public display of the severed head.

Samurai were often sentenced to commit seppuku in lieu of these forms of punishment. Seppuku is a term of suicide for the samurai.

Incarceration and exile
Depending on the severity of the crime, magistrates could sentence convicts to incarceration in various forms:

- Exile to an island. Criminals in Edo were often confined on Hachijōjima or Miyakejima. Criminals so punished received tattoos.
- Imprisonment. The government of Edo maintained a jail at Kodenma-chō.
- Exclusion from the location of the crime was a penalty for both commoners and samurai.
- Tokoro-barai, banishment to a certain distance, was common for non-samurai.
- Kōfu kinban, assignment to the post of Kōfu in the mountains west of Edo, is an example of rustication of samurai.

Penal labor
For crimes requiring moderate punishment, convicts could be sent to work at labor camps such as the one on Ishikawa-jima in Edo Bay. More serious acts could result in being sent to work in the gold mine on the island of Sado. In 1590, Hideyoshi had banned "unfree labor" or slavery; but forms of contract and indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labor. For example, the Edo period penal laws prescribed "non-free labor" for the immediate family of executed criminals in Article 17 of the Gotōke reijō (Tokugawa House Laws), but the practice never became common. The 1711 Gotōke reijō was compiled from over 600 statutes promulgated between 1597 and 1696.

It was also common for female convicts to be sentenced to serve terms working as slaves and prostitutes in walled Red Light Districts, most notably Yoshiwara.

Confiscation
A penalty that targeted merchants especially was kesshō, the confiscation of a business.

Corporal punishment
Handcuffing allowed the government to punish a criminal while he was under house arrest. Depending on the severity of the crime, the sentence might last 30, 50, or 100 days.

Flagellation was a common penalty for crimes such as theft and fighting. Amputation of the nose or ears replaced flogging as penalty early in the Edo period. The 8th Shogun of Edo, Tokugawa Yoshimune introduced judicial Flogging Penalty, or tataki, in 1720. A convicted criminal could be sentenced to a maximum of 100 lashes. Samurai and priests were exempt from flogging, and the penalty was applied only to commoners. The convict was stripped of all outer clothing and struck about the buttocks and back. The flogging penalty was used until 1867, though it fell out of favor from 1747 to 1795 intermittently. Both men and women could be sentenced to a flogging, though during one segment of the mid-Edo period, women were imprisoned rather than flogged.

Origin of flogging penalty
In 757 A.D., the Chinese-influenced Yoro Ritsuryo (養老律令) legal system was enacted and introduced Five Judicial Penalties (五刑). Two of the Five Judicial Penalties involved Flogging. Light Flogging provided for 10 to 50 lashes, while Heavy Flogging stipulated 60 to 100 strokes. However, a slave could be sentenced to up a maximum of 200 lashes. These flogging penalties only applied to male commoners. Convicts of the nobility, along with female commoners, might be sentenced to the imposition of handcuffs or a fine. When a convicted criminal was flogged, half the number of lashes were typically applied to the back, half to the buttocks. At times, if the convict's request to change the lash target was sanctioned then the lashes would be applied only to the back or to the buttocks. By the Age of Warring States, flogging had been largely replaced by decapitation.
- source : wikipedia



source :　plaza.rakuten.co.jp/candy112114

槍で突く刑罰 death by piercing with a spear

..............................................................................................................................................

Itabashi keijō 板橋刑場 Itabashi execution grounds
... one of the three sites in the vicinity of Edo where the Tokugawa shogunate executed criminals in the Edo period. Located near Itabashi-shuku, the first postal station from Edo on the Nakasendō, it is within the city limits of modern-day Itabashi, Tokyo near JR Itabashi Station.
In 1868,
Kondo Isami, leader of the Shinsengumi, was jailed for twenty days at Itabashi, and beheaded at the execution grounds. A memorial to him stands at the east (Takino-gawa) exit of Itabashi Station. On the right side are engraved the names of forty Shinsengumi people who died in war, and on the left, the names of 64 who died of disease, seppuku, or other causes. To the left of the memorial is a Buddha statue dedicated to people who died without relatives to care for their graves, and to the right, the graves of Kondō and Nagakura Shinpachi, who is said to have erected the memorial. There is also a stone for Hijikata Toshizō, who died in battle at Goryōkaku.
- source : wikipedia -

..............................................................................................................................................

Kozukappara keijō 小塚原刑場 Kozukappara execution grounds
The Kozukappara execution grounds were one of the three sites in the vicinity of Edo (the forerunner of present-day Tokyo, Japan) where the Tokugawa shogunate executed criminals in the Edo period.
Alternate romanized spellings are Kozukahara and Kotsukappara.


kubikiri Jizoo　首切り地蔵 Jiso Bosatsu to help the beheaded

The site is located in modern Minami Senju, Arakawa, Tokyo, a three-minute walk away from Minami-Senju Station. Located next to Enmeiji Temple, a large part of the grounds are now covered by railway tracks.

It is estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people were executed here.[citation needed] Those executed include Hashimoto Sanai and Yoshida Shōin, who were executed as a result of the Ansei Purge.

Sugita Genpaku, Nakagawa Jun'an, Katsuragawa Hoshū and their colleagues studied anatomy by conducting dissections at Kozukappara.

Kozukappara began operation in 1651, and continued until the Meiji period. Executions were stopped in an attempt to convince Western powers to end the unequal treaties with Japan.
- source : wikipedia


..............................................................................................................................................


Suzugamori keijoo 鈴ヶ森刑場 Suzugamori execution grounds　

- quote
Note: The remains of the Execution Ground lie in a pleasant suburban area between Shinagawa in Tokyo Prefecture and Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture, which are Stations #1 and 2 respectively (from Nihombashi in Tokyo) on the Old Tokaido Highway.



This is just a little street corner near a highway and Shinagawa Aquarium--but heavy with atmosphere. It commemorates Edo's former execution ground, but all that's left are some statues and grave stones, some of which also came from Daikyouji Temple. My friend and translator Naoko told me that rents in the area tend to be cheaper--to entice people to move here despite their fear of ghosts. The site contains signs of active reverence--live flower offerings, etc.
- source and more photos : thetempleguy.com/akimeguri




鈴ヶ森刑場（すずがもりけいじょう）
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

..............................................................................................................................................


. Ekooin 回向院 Temple Ekoin, Eko-In .
established in order to hold memorial services for those who died while in prison or who were executed.

. Kkubizuka 首塚 memorial stone pagodas and mounds for the beheaded .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



source :　kacco.kahoku.co.jp

Aosasa Fudo 青笹不動尊
at the execution ground near mount Aosasa in Sendai

. Fudō Myō-ō, Fudoo Myoo-Oo 不動明王 Fudo Myo-O
Acala Vidyârâja - Vidyaraja - Fudo Myoo .



:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

牢屋から出たり入ったり雀の子
rooya kara detari ittari suzume no ko

in and out
of prison they go ...
baby sparrows
Tr. David Lanoue

Or: "he goes.../ baby sparrow."
In my earlier translation, I began with "flying in and out of prison," but Shinji Ogawa thinks that the word "flying" spoils Issa's surprise. Someone is going in and out of prison, and we must wait until Issa's punch line to discover the identity of that someone: baby sparrows!
The little birds know nothing about human law and punishment. They fly easily back and forth between the carefully demarcated human realms of "prison" and "freedom." Such categories mean nothing to them.
David Lanoue


. Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 in Edo .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


- Tanka by Yoshida Shoin

夢路にも、かへらぬ関を 打ち越えて
今をかぎりと 渡る小瀬川

yumeji ni mo kaeranu seki o uchi koete
ima o kagiri to wataru ozegawa

Even in my dream,
Never shall I return to the Pass
That did I come over;
Now this is the very last
I cross the Ozegawa River.


A tanka poem of Yoshida Shoin

While being sent to a prison in Edo (present-day Tokyo) under guard, as one of the most dangerous insurgents of Choshu Domain, Yoshida Shoin composed a tanka poem in crossing the Ozegawa River, the provincial border between Aki(present-day Hiroshima Prefecture) and Suo(present-day Yamasguchi Prefecture). You will see the Monument inscribed with his tanka on the Ozegawa riverbank.


- - - - - Notes (by Hokuto 77):
(1) The Ozegawa River, rising in Mt. Onigashiro (鬼ヶ城山 ) in Hiroshima Prefecture, flows as the Hiroshima-Yamaguchi prefectural border. In the Edo Period(1603-1868), too, the river played the part of the border between Aki (安芸), present-day Hiroshima Prefecture) and Suo (周防, present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture) provinces.

(2) Seki (関) in the tanka means the Oze Pass, not a barrier station.

(3) Yoshida Shōin 吉田松陰 Yoshida Shoin
( 20.09.1830-21.11.1859)
was one of the most distinguished intellectuals in the closing days of the Tokugawa shogunate. He devoted to developing many Ishin Shishi who made an outstanding contribution to the Meiji Restoration.　Born in Choshu Domain to a samurai family, at age five this child prodigy began to study tactics, at age eight he attended college, at age nine he taught in college, and at age ten he impressed the Mori daimyo family with a military lecture he had delivered. “---” When it was Yoshida's turn, he was composed - his executioner said he died a noble death. He was 29 years old. 　　　
(From Wikipedia free encyclopedia)

* Shoin was one of the victims beheaded in the Ansei Purge (in 1858 and 1859), which was carried out
by Ii Naosuke (井伊直弼).

(4) Self-praise (by Hokuto77, 2010):
‘I’ is used three times in the short tanka poem, my intention is to stress his resignation, or readiness to die he cherished in producing the tanka poem, and ‘Now’ may sound redundant or predictable. In my private dictionary, ‘Now’ indicates that it can’t be helped. I feel sorry for offending your ears by three ‘Is and Now.’　
- source : www.hokuoto77.com

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- More vocabulary -

bakkin 罰金 penal fine

chōeki 懲役 imprisonment with labor

hansokukin 反則金 administrative fine for minor traffic violations
haren chizai 破廉恥罪 “infamous” crime
hogo kansatsu 保護観察 probation

jukeisha 受刑者 inmate, lit. “person receiving punishment”

kari shakuhō 仮釈放 parole
keibatsu 刑罰 punishment (keijibatsu 刑事罰)
keimusho 刑務所 prison
kei no genbatsuka 刑の厳罰化 harsher punishment
kinko 禁固 / 禁錮 imprisonment without labor

kōryū 拘留 short-term detention
kōryū 勾留 pretrial detention

kōsei hogo 更生保護 rehabilitation and protection
kōshukei 絞首刑 death by hanging
kyokkei 極刑 “ultimate punishment” (death penalty)
kyōsei shisetsu 矯正施設 correctional facility

muki chōeki 無期懲役 imprisonment with labor for an undefined term

ryūkei 流刑 Ryukei, punishment by exile

. seppuku 切腹 -- harakiri 腹切り ritual suicide .

shikei 死刑 death penalty
shikkō yūyo 執行猶予 suspension of a sentence
shūshinkei 終身刑 “punishment until the body is finished”

tsuichōkin 追徴金 financial penaltiy

zenka 前科 criminal record

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. hanzai 犯罪 crime and punishment - Glossary .

. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #criminalpunishment #edopolice #ekoin -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

nori starch glue

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

nori 糊 starch, glue

nori 糊 natural glue (rice starch) was used when changing paper for the sliding doors, for example. It was also used for robes.
Another name is  himenori 姫糊 "princess nori glue".

. kan nori 寒糊 (かんのり) glue made in the cold .
from the root of the Tororo aoi plant.
kigo for winter


- quote
himenori 姫糊　"princess glue"
Paste is the basis of color and must be mixed on the block with the pigment by use of a brush. The process must be done only just before printing, and not previously. This gives substantial body to the pigment and thus secures its uniform application to the block. It should be noted that this procedure is not for the purpose of making the pigment adhere to the paper. If too much paste is used, the paper will stick to the block and cannot be removed.

The paste, which is called himenori, is made of refined rice and water in the proportion of 50 grams (1.78 ounces) of rice to 340cc (.72 pint) of water. The method of preparing the paste is as follows:

The refined rice is placed in 50 cc of water and allowed to stand for two or three days.
When the rice has fully absorbed the water, the mixture is placed in a suribachi (earthenware mortar) and pounded until it is of uniform consistency.
The mixture is then placed in a pan with the remaining 290cc of water and set on a heater. During the heating process the mixture must be stirred constantly with a spatular stick.
As the mixture comes to a boil it begins to turn translucent. It must be removed from the heater at the moment when it becomes about seventy percent translucent. This is the most important part of the procedure.
Stirring must be continued vigorously until the mixture becomes tepid and returns to a more or less opaque condition.
Next, particles of foreign matter and grains of rice that have escaped the pounding process must be removed by squeezing the mixture through a cotton-cloth bag.

The consistency of the paste should be the same as that of cooked oatmeal. But for the purpose of pasting a hanshita, this must be as dense as that of cold cream, the water proportion being reduced by one-third at preparation. If it were boiled, it would soon lose the requisite consistency later on. It should be sufficiently fluid to be poured into another container, but thick enough so a drop smaller than thumb-tip size clings to the end of a stick.
- source : woodblock.com/encyclopedia


under construction
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

nori uri, nori-uri 　糊売り　vendor of starch
himenori uri 姫糊売り


Starch to be used after washing a kimono was sold in units of 1 mon.
The outfit of a vendor was almost like a tofu vendor with two tubs on a pole over the shoulders.
They uses two spatula made from bamboo to scoop the starch out of their buckets into a pot offered by the customer.

It was often sold by old ladies. On rainy days people did not to any washing, so the old ladies (baba　ばば、ばあー) did not have to go out.

Noriya no baasan 糊屋の婆さん A Rakugo story.


. Doing Business in Edo　- 江戸の商売 .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

norioke, nori-oke 糊桶 tub for glue

Here is a sample from workers putting new paper on sliding doors.


糊桶または糊盥, nori tarai


look carefully at the lower right to find the detail above  . . .



- Great source for checking out the tools of glueing paper on sliding doors
- source : db.ebiki.jp/annotations

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


- quote
Shita-kiri Suzume (舌切り雀 shita-kiri suzume)
"Tongue-Cut Sparrow"
is a traditional Japanese fable telling of a kind old man, his avaricious wife and an injured sparrow. The story explores the effects of greed, friendship and jealousy on the characters.

The plot
Once upon a time there lived a poor old woodcutter with his wife, who earned their living by cutting wood and fishing. The old man was honest and kind but his wife was arrogant and greedy. One morning, the old man went into the mountains to cut timber and saw an injured sparrow crying out for help. Feeling sorry for the bird, the man takes it back to his home and feeds it some rice to try to help it recover. His wife, being very greedy and rude, is annoyed that he would waste precious food on such a small little thing as a sparrow. The old man, however, continued caring for the bird.

The man had to return to the mountains one day and left the bird in the care of the old woman, who had no intention of feeding it. After her husband left, she went out fishing. While she was gone, the sparrow got into some starch that was left out and eventually ate all of it. The old woman was so angry upon her return that she cut out the bird's tongue and sent it flying back into the mountains from where it came.



Katsushika Hokusai

The old man went searching for the bird and, with the help of other sparrows, found his way into a bamboo grove in which the sparrow's inn was located. A multitude of sparrows greeted him and led him to his friend, the little sparrow he saved. The others brought him food and sang and danced for him.

Upon his departure, they presented him with a choice of a large basket or a small basket as a present. Being an older man, he chose the small basket as he thought it would be the least heavy. When he arrived home, he opened the basket and discovered a large amount of treasure inside. The wife, learning of the existence of a larger basket, ran to the sparrow's inn in the hope of getting more treasure for herself. She chose the larger basket but was warned not to open it before getting home.

Such was her greed that the wife could not resist opening the basket before she returned to the house. To her surprise, the box was full of deadly snakes and other monsters. They startled her so much that she tumbled all the way down the mountain, presumably to her death.

Moral
- The purity of friendship overcomes the evil of greed and jealousy.
- Greed only leads to one's own demise.
- source : wikipedia


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


- quote
nikawa　膠
A transparent or semi-transparent animal glue, used as a binder *baizai 媒剤, and an adhesive.
Nikawa is durable and elastic, although it loses flexibility with age. It is made from the skins, bones, tendons and intestines of animals or fish skins and bones, which are boiled in water to extract gelatin. Excess water is evaporated away, and after cooling leaves a jelly-like glue. Nikawa does not dissolve in cold water, but can be dissolved when heated.

A solution of a few percent concentration is used in Japanese painting *nihonga 日本画 to adhere the pigments *ganryou 顔料 and fix them to the picture surface. Nikawa is mixed with alum to make *dousa 礬水 for sizing paper and is used as a primary coat in oil painting, abura-e 油絵.

Nikawa has many uses as an adhesive for wood, paper and cloth, and acts as binder for substances such as the white pigment *gofun 胡粉, and *tonoko 砥の粉, applied to statues before painting.
- source : JAANUS


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -


. noridarai, nori darai 糊盥 glue tub .


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

seventh lunar month

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

The Seventh Lunar Month　七月 shichigatsu - 水無月 minazuki -
lit. "month without water"

In the old lunar calendar of the Edo period

spring lasted from the first month to the third,
summer from the fourth month through the sixth,
autumn from the seventh month through the ninth,
winter from the tenth month through the twelfth.

. WKD : The Asian Lunar Calendar and the Saijiki .


. Edo Saijiki　江戸歳時記 .


source :　art.jcc-okinawa.net/okinawa/edonosiki


under construction
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

chuugen, o-chuugen mid-year presents
- source : 江戸の歳時記 -



by Kitagawa Utamaro 歌麿　七夕
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

. Tanabata 七夕 Star Festival .


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::




:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Edo Saijiki　江戸歳時記 .


. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

fune boat ship

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

fune　舟 boats and ships on the rivers of Edo


source :　www.t-greentec.com/annai

yuusen 遊船 excursion boat, pleasure boat
yuusan bune 遊山船 cruising boat, enjoying boat life
This refers mostly to the wooden boats of the Edo period.

Many boats were out only during the hot summer season, to provide cool river wind and enjoyment for those who could afford it.

. fune 船 boat, ship .
- Introduction and related kigo -


. sendoo sendō 船頭 boatman, ferryman .



source :　suiro.blog27.fc2.com

funakagami 船鑑 Book about Boats of Edo
by Kawana Noboru 川名登


under construction
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


. choki 猪牙 / chokibune 猪牙舟 water taxi, river taxi .
- watashibune 渡し舟 river ferry



.............................................................................................................................................



source of summer pleasures :　kazuhisa.eco.coocan.jp

hanabi-bune 花火舟 boat for watching fireworks

The most popular boat night was the great firework at the Sumidagawa river.


. Edo no hanabi　江戸の花火 fireworks in Edo .


.............................................................................................................................................


. segakibune 施餓鬼舟（せがきぶね）Segaki boat .
for the Segaki ceremony
Offering food and drink to the hungry ghosts, Segaki 施餓鬼

. shooryoobune (shoryobune)　精霊船
ships for the blessed souls of the O-Bon festival.

.............................................................................................................................................



source :　www10.ocn.ne.jp/~sobakiri

sobakiri-uri no fune そば切り売りの舟　boat selling buckwheat noodles
They were also popular in Osaka on the river Yodogawa 淀川の三十石船.



.............................................................................................................................................


. suzumibune 納涼舟　boat to enjoy a cool evening breeze

.............................................................................................................................................



source :　www.t-yakata.com/tyh_edoyaka
by Torii Kiyonaga 鳥居清長 (1752 - 1815)

tsukimibune 月見船 boat for moon viewing in autumn


.............................................................................................................................................



source :　edoeten.cocolog-nifty

urourobune, uro-uro-bune うろうろ舟 ‘casual wandering’ boat
Small boats cruising up and down the river (urouro) amongst the large pleasure boats, selling light refreshments like watermelon and drinks.

urobune 売ろ舟 "boat selling something"

.............................................................................................................................................


. watashibune わたし舟 / 渡し舟　/ 渉舟 ferry boat, river ferry .

.............................................................................................................................................



source :　www.t-yakata.com/tyh_edoyaka

yakatabune 屋形船 "palace boat", river cruise boat
gozabune 御座船 boat with goza mat flooring
boat with a high roof, as opposed to the yanebune. house boat.
Pleasure boats for hiring, used for cooling off in the evening with a party of friends.
The agents along the river who provided the boats were called funayado 船宿.

Private boats of the Shogun from the Heian Era through the Edo Era were very lavishly decorated.
Yakatabune have tatami mats inside and Japanese low tables that resemble an upper class Japanese home, in fact it means Home style Boat, and are basically for entertaining guests in the old days.
Today they plow the waterways of the rivers and bays of Tokyo among the skyscrapers and temples for sighteseeing and retain a traditional feel.
- - - WIKIPEDIA !



source :　www.t-yakata.com/tyh_edoyaka
Hiroshige 歌川広重 - 吾妻橋金龍山遠望

Yakatabune were also popular for hanami, cherry blossom viewing along the riverside in spring:
hanamibune　花見舟 boat for blossom viewing



source : edococo.exblog.jp

Kawa Ichimaru 川一丸 Famous Yakatabune in Edo
In the front is a gorgeous arrangement on a high tray, dai no mono 台の物, where food and flowers are displayed.





Kawa Ichimaru 川一丸 - Hiroshige　広重

.............................................................................................................................................




yanebune 屋根舟 boat with a (low) roof
Used by poorer people to enjoy the evening cool of the river in summer.


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



猫のすゞみ cats enjoying the evening cool

. Utagawa Kuniyoshi 歌川国芳 .


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



chokibune boat near the Yoshiware pleasure quarters


夕薄暑江戸の資料に猪牙舟も
yuuhakusho Edo no shiryoo ni chokibune mo

mild summer evening
at the Edo Period Museum
there is even a Choki boat

Saitoo Toshiko 斉藤淑子 Saito Toshiko


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #yakatabune #edoboats -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

taki waterfall Edo

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

Edo no taki 江戸の滝 waterfalls in Edo


waterfalls at Oji


. WKD : taki 滝 waterfall .
- Introduction -

There used to be at least seven natural waterfalls of the river Shakuji-I gawa 石神井川, also called 滝野川 in Edo. People came here in summer to feel the cool, have a snack and relax.
This was called taki ami 滝浴み.

They have been lost due to modern town development, and only the one at Oji is still existant now.

. suzushisa　涼しさ feeling cool in Edo .


under construction
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



. Katsushika Hokusai . 葛飾北斎 (1760-1849)

Tootoo Aoigaoka no Taki 東都葵ケ岡の滝 Aoigaoka Waterfall in Edo
Now near 赤坂溜池 Akasaka Tameike Pool, Nagata Cho 永田町
During the Edo period, this was a kind of resort area for rich samurai to have a villa for summer.

A Journey to the Waterfalls in All the Provinces:
Aoigaoka Waterfall in Edo / (Shokoku Taki Meguri: Toto Aoigaoka no taki)

Akasaka Tameike pond pours over a wall, in the foreground are two laborers resting with their baskets of shellfish, to left is Aoicho (hollyhock) Street on Akasaka Hill
signed zen Hokusai aratame Iitsu hitsu, with censor's Kiwame seal and publisher's seal Eijudo (Nishimuraya Yohachi), ca. 1832
- source : www.scholten-japanese-art.com


. Tameike 赤坂溜池町 Akasaka Tameike district .



:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



Utagawa Hiroshige

Benten no taki 弁天の滝 Benten Waterfall


. Benten, Benzaiten 弁天　弁財天 .


. Utagawa Hiroshige　歌川広重 (1797-1858) .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


. Meguro Fudo Temple 目黒不動 .
Ryuusenji 瀧泉寺 Ryusen-Ji



Tokko no taki　独鈷の滝


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


. 0oji Fudoo no Taki. Ōji 王子不動之滝 Fudo Waterfall in Oji .
The statue of Fudo 滝不動尊 is now preserved at the temple 正受院 Shoju-In
(北区滝野川2-49-5) Kita-ku, Takinogawa.




source :　2010 I.HATADA


There used to be five or seven waterfalls at Oji.
「王子五滝」「王子七滝」

Ōji Inari Shrine and waterfall bathing
It is said that restaurants stood in line near the Otonashi River 音無川.
Ebi-ya and Ōgi-ya, in particular, were listed in the restaurant ranking of the Edo period. Ebi-ya was run by the brothers of Ōgi-ya, but only Ōgi-ya remains until now.
- source : www.library.metro.tokyo.jp

. Takinogawa 滝野川 Takinogawa district .

- quote -
Dam on the Otonashi River in Ōji

As charming in the twenty-first century as it was in the nineteenth, this dam can be found near Otonashi Shinsui Park. Asukayama, visible as a hill in the upper left of Hiroshige’s image, is today part of Asukayama Park, a historic cherry-blossom-viewing site.
The name Otonashi River applies to the short stretch of the Shakujii River that flows near Ōji Shrine. In the background of the composition we see a small dam with water spilling over the top. Although only a small cascade of water, it earned the lavish nickname “the Great Waterfall.”
Engineers in the 1960s diverted the Shakujii River to flow under Asukayama Park, but the original riverbed has been preserved as Otonashi Shinsui Park. The park boasts numerous flowering cherries and other deciduous trees, making it an excellent place to relax and enjoy the beauty of the changing seasons.
- source : nippon.com/en/guide ... -

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Todoroki Fudo 等々力不動尊 .
“Fudo no Taki” Fudo Waterfall
Temple Mangan-Ji 満願寺, Setagaya

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - Introduction of cooling Edo waterfalls - Edo no taki ami 滝浴み（たきあみ）

小石川後楽園 - Koishikawa Korakuen
清澄庭園の滝 - Kiyosumi Teien
六義園の滝 - Rikugi-En
旧古河庭園の滝 - Kyu Furukawa Teien
旧芝離宮恩賜庭園の滝 - Kyu Shiba Rikyu Teien
殿ヶ谷戸庭園の滝 - Tonogayato

Look at the photos HERE:
- source : teien.tokyo-park.or.jp




- - - another LINK to parks in Tokyo, including the above and
Hama Rikyu-teien
Kiyosumi Gardens
Kyuu Iwasaki-tei
- source : teien.tokyo-park.or.jp

. Kiyosumi Teien 清澄庭園 Kiyosumi Park .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Japanese Architecture .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #takiwaterfall #waterfalledo -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

Ashida Kiso

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

Ashida-shuku 芦田宿 Postal Station Ashida

Nr. 26 on the road from Edo to Kyoto

. Nakasendo 中山道 - Kiso Kaido 木曾街道 .


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

This postat station is situated at the entrance to Kasatori Pass.
Now part of the of Tateshina, in the Kitasaku District of Nagano Prefecture.


Ando Hiroshige


Ashida-shuku was formed in 1601, during the Edo period, when the Nakasendō's route was altered and the government ordered creation of new post towns. It was located near the eastern entrance to the Kasadori Pass and was well known for its silk production.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



Kuniyoshi

芦田 あらい丸 女月尼 Ashida - Araimaru and Nyogetsu-Ni

- quote
"Nyogetsuni is the Buddhist name of the former nun who becomes the sorceress Takiyasha (the name used by Kuniyoshi on the title page) in the 1806 novel The Loyalty of Utō Yasukata (Utō Yasukata chūgiden), written by Santō Kyōden and illustrated by Kuniyoshi's teacher, Toyokuni. The book was very popular and became the basis for a number of puppet plays and kabuki plays, as well as a later sequel by another author.

In Kyōden's fantasy novel, Takiyasha and her brother, Yoshikado, are the children of the historical warrior Taira Masakado, who rebelled against imperial rule in the tenth century. After their father's death, the brother and sister learn toad magic from an immortal in the mountains in order to carry on the rebellion. Their headquarters is the ruined palace at Sōma, a place-name that could mean 'herd of horses,' and so horses are featured in the series title border. The name Ashida station is a pun on the word for 'clogs' (ashida, also called geta), and Takiyasha wears high clogs to walk through the snow as she performs a magical ritual, with a torch between her teeth, a mirror around her neck, a bell in her left hand, and a sword in her right. Her hair is still relatively short, a reminder of her recent past as a Buddhist nun. Takiyasha is followed by her henchman, Araimaru, who carries the head of one of their victims attached to a branch.

The bird shape of the outlines the inset landscape represents a seabird of northern Japan known as utō or utōyasukata, the source of the name of the character mentioned in the title of the book. Utō Yasukata is killed by the evil magic of Takiyasha and Yoshikado, but his relatives and their friends are eventually able to avenge him and defeat the sorcerous siblings.

Kuniyoshi designed a number of prints based on this story, including the famous triptych in which Takiyasha uses her magic to summon the evil spirit in the form of a giant skeleton."
- source : Lyon Collection



- quote
The sorceress Takiyasha, formerly the Buddhist nun Nyogetsuni (Nyogetsu-Ni, Jogetsu-Ni), walking through the snow as she performs a magic ritual. The daughter of the slain warrior Taira no Masakado, she and her brother Araimaru have vowed to carry on his rebellion and avenge his death. She grips a sword upright in one hand and carries a bell in the other, a flaming torch held between her teeth.

The Kisokaido Road was an inland route connecting Edo with Kyoto. There were sixty-nine rest stops along the Kisokaido Road. In this series, Kuniyoshi designed one print for each of the sixty-nine rest stops. the main design of each print portrays a historical, legendary or fictional scene associated with the location. A small panel in each print shows a view of the station.
- source : www.japanese-gallery.com

. 平将門（平將門) Taira no Masakado .


. Utagawa Kuniyoshi 歌川国芳 .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Dooman Ashiya, Douman Ashiya　蘆屋道満 / 芦屋 Ashiya Doman
Dooman Hooshi 道摩法師 Doman Hoshi

- quote -
...one of the most powerful onmyoji from Abe no Seimei's era. He was the rival of Abe no Seimei and fought him nearly a thousand years ago.
- source : tokyo-ravens.wikia.com/wik -

芦屋道満伝説
- reference : ja.wikipedia.org/wiki -

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　

Chinese learning

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::　
Chinese learning 漢学　kangaku study of the Chinese classics
kango 　漢語　words of Chinese origin


江戸漢学の世界　/ 徳田武著

Japanese poets, including the haiku poets, were well versed in the Chinese classics.

Bai Juyi, Bo Juyi, Po Chü-i 白居易 (Haku Kyoi はく きょい)
(772–846) Po Chu-i

. Confucius 孔子 Kooshi, Koshi .
Koofuushi 孔夫子, Kung Tzu, Kung Fu Tzu, Kung Fu Zi, Kǒng fū zǐ.
also called - Sekiten 釈奠 or Sekisai 釈菜

. Du Fu, Tu-Fu 杜甫 (To Ho と ほ).
(712 - 770)

. Hanshan and Shide 寒山拾得 Kanzan and Jittoku .

Huang Tingjiang 黄庭堅 (Koo Teiken こう ていけん)
(1045–1105)

. Li Bo, Li Po, Li Bai 李白 (Ri Haku （り はく) .
(701 - 762)

. Mozi (Mo-Tzu), Mo Di 墨子 (Bokushi) .
(460- 380 BC ?)

Su Shi 蘇軾 (So Shoku そ しょく)
Su Dongpo, Su Dungpo 蘇東坡 (So Toba そ とうば)
Dongpo Jushi (東坡居士) （1036―1101）
. . . a Chinese writer, poet, painter, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome, and a statesman of the Song Dynasty (960–1279).
More in the WIKIPEDIA !



The Chinese background and roots of Japanese kigo
. Chinese Poets, Scholars and Matsuo Basho .

..............................................................................................................................................


. Chinese Medicine 漢方 Kanpo, Kampo .
kanpooyaku 漢方薬 Kanpoyaku, medicine from China

..............................................................................................................................................


yoogaku 洋学 Yogaku, "Western Learning"

Many young doctors went to Nagasaki to study
. rangaku 蘭學 / 蘭学　Dutch learning .
science from oranda　オランダ /　阿蘭陀　Holland



漢学と洋学 伝統と新知識のはざまで Kangaku to Yogaku
岸田知子


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Bian Que (Chinese: 扁鹊; pinyin: Biǎn Què) died 310 BC)
(also pronounced Bian Qiao, Wade–Giles: Pien Ch'iao; )
was, according to legend, the earliest known Chinese physician.
His real name is said to be Qin Yueren (秦越人), but his medical skills were so amazing that the people gave him the same name as the legendary doctor Bian Que, from the time of the Yellow Emperor. He was a native of the State of Qi.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !



Guan Yu (died 220)
courtesy name Yunchang, was a general serving under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty. He played a significant role in the civil war that led to the collapse of the dynasty and the establishment of the state of Shu Han – founded by Liu Bei – in the Three Kingdoms period.
one of the best known Chinese historical figures throughout East Asia . . .
Guan Yu was once injured in the left arm by a stray arrow, which pierced through his arm. Although the wound had healed, he would experience pain in the bone whenever there was a heavy downpour. The physician Hua Tuo (see below) told him,
"The arrowhead had poison on it and the poison had seeped into the bone. The way to get rid of this problem is to cut open your arm and scrape away the poison in your bone."
Guan Yu then stretched out his arm and asked the physician to heal him. He then invited his subordinates to dine with him while the surgery was being performed. Blood flowed from his arm into a container below. Throughout the operation, Guan Yu feasted and drank wine and chatted with his men as though nothing had happened. . .
Guan Yu was deified as early as the Sui dynasty (581–618), and is still popularly worshipped today among the Chinese people.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !



Han Tuitzhi - (768 - 824)
"Should I become prime minister and heal the realm, or should I become a physician and save others in acute need?"


Han Yu - (768–824)
(traditional Chinese: 韓愈; simplified Chinese: 韩愈; pinyin: Hán Yù; Wade–Giles : Han Yü) , born in Nanyang, Henan, China, was a precursor of Neo-Confucianism as well as an essayist and poet, during the Tang dynasty.
He gained his first central government position in 802, but was soon exiled . . .
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !



Hua Tuo (c. 140–208)
courtesy name Yuanhua, was an ancient Chinese physician who lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
The name Hua Tuo combines the Chinese surname Hua (華, lit. "magnificent; China") with the uncommon Chinese given name Tuo (Wade–Giles: To; 佗 ["hunchback"] or 陀 ["steep hill"]). He was also known as Hua Fu (尃, "apply [powder/ointment/etc.]"), and his courtesy name was Yuanhua (元化, "Primal Transformation").
The historical texts Records of the Three Kingdoms and Book of the Later Han record Hua as the first person in China to use anaesthesia during surgery. He used a general anaesthetic combining wine with a herbal concoction called máfèisàn (麻沸散, lit. "cannabis boil powder"). Besides being respected for expertise in surgery and anaesthesia, Hua Tuo was famous for his abilities in acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, and medical Daoyin exercises. He developed the Wuqinxi (Wade–Giles: Wu-chin-hsi; 五禽戲; lit. "Exercise of the Five Animals") from studying movements of the tiger, deer, bear, ape, and crane.

In Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Tuo supposedly healed the general Guan Yu, who had been struck with a poisoned arrow during the Battle of Fancheng in 219. Hua Tuo offered to anaesthetise Guan Yu, but he simply laughed that he was not afraid of pain. Hua Tuo used a knife to cut the flesh from Guan Yu's arm and scrape the poison from the bone, and the sounds chilled all those who heard them. During this excruciating treatment, Guan Yu continued to play a game of weiqi with Ma Liang without flinching from pain.
When later asked by Ma Liang, Guan Yu said that he feigned being unhurt to keep the morale of the army high. After Hua Tuo's successful operation, Guan Yu allegedly rewarded him with a sumptuous banquet, and offered a present of 100 ounces of gold, but he refused, saying that a doctor's duty was curing patients, not making profits. Despite the historical fact that Hua Tuo died in 208, a decade before Guan Yu fought the Battle of Fancheng, this storied operation is a popular artistic theme.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- Reference -

世事見聞録 - Lust, Commerce, and Corruption:
An Account of What I Have Seen and Heard, by an Edo Samurai
- Beginning with warriors and farmers, he moves on to temple and shrine clergy, doctors, the guild of the blind, townspeople, rice agents, prostitutes, brothel keepers, actors, outcasts and more, outlining the position of each group within the larger society.
. Buyo Inshi　武陽隠士 .

..............................................................................................................................................


Chinese Learning (kangaku) in Meiji Japan (1868–1912)
Margaret Mehl

Japan’s development since the middle of the nineteenth century is usually summarized under the headings ‘modernization’ and ‘westernization’. Such a perspective neglects the importance of indigenous traditions in the shaping of modern Japan, including Chinese learning (kangaku), which had been thoroughly assimilated and had formed the basis of the dominant ideology in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). The leaders of the Meiji restoration of 1868 all had a kangaku education and their ideas were strongly influenced by it.

Kangaku continued to play a dominant role in Japanese culture until well into the Meiji period and did not fall into decline until the mid-1890s. The main reason for this was not contempt for contemporary China in the wake of the Sino-Japanese war (1894-5), as has been argued, but the new national education system which stressed western knowledge. It was not a sign of waning interest in China, but of new forms this interest took. China became the object of new academic disciplines, including tōyōshi (East Asian history), which applied western methods and a new interpretative framework to the study of China.
- source : onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi

..............................................................................................................................................


kokugaku 國學 / 国学 - lit. National study
was a National revival, or school of Japanese philology and philosophy originating during the Tokugawa period. Kokugaku scholars worked to refocus Japanese scholarship away from the then-dominant study of Chinese, Confucian, and Buddhist texts in favor of research into the early Japanese classics.
The word 'Kokugaku', coined to distinguish this school from kangaku (Chinese studies), was popularized by Hirata Atsutane in the 19th century. I
More in the WIKIPEDIA !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


唐本は駕籠に乗る時ばかり入れ
toohon wa kago ni noru toki bakari ire

they show books from China
only when they sit
in their palanquin

This makes fun of the "learned" folk in Edo, who liked to show off their wisdom buy just showing the books.
It was especially true of some medical doctors.


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .

. - Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #kangaku #kanpo #chineselearning
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::