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2/02/2020

Shiotsu Kaido Highway

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
- for Omi, Ōmi see below
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Shiotsu Kaido 塩津街道 Shiotsu Highway / 塩津海道 Shiotsu Sea Road
Connecting Shiotsu in 滋賀県 Shiga prefecture with 敦賀 Tsuruga, 福井県 Fukui, on the Sea of Japan.

This old road was also called
Shiotsu koe 塩津越え crossing over at Shiotsu
Another name is
Hokkoku Kaido 北国海道 Hokkoku Sea Road

. Kitamaebune 北前船 North-bound trade ships .
Tsuruga 敦賀, a traditional harbour where the ships from Hokkaido (Kitamaebune 北前船) used to stop over and unload things, mostly marine products, that were transported to Kyoto by land via
the Shiotsu Kaido 塩津街道 along the lake Biwako, linking to Kohoku Shiotsu in Omi. (Kohoku is Northern Shiga region.)
Tsuruga was also the endpoint of the road Tango Kaido 丹後街道 Tango Kaido.

Also called
shio no michi 塩の道 salt road
to transport salt from Tsuruga to Kyoto.

. Hokkoku Kaido 北国街道 Hokkoku Highway Roads .
From Oiwake on the 中仙道 Nakasendo Highway to 野尻宿 Nojiri into 越後 the Echigo province.

- Postal stations along the Shiotsu Kaido
Shiotsu 塩津宿 / Omi-Shiotsu 近江塩津
- source with many photos -

. Kurihan Kaido 九里半街道 Kurihan Highway .
Connecting 今津 Imazu in 近江国 Omi on the West side of 琵琶湖 Lake Biwako with 若狭国小浜 Obama in Wakasa, Fukui.

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- Places along the Omi Kaido
Kyoto 京都市
Otsu 大津市
Kusatsu 草津市
Ritto 栗東市
Moriyama 守山市
Yasu 野洲市
Ryuo 竜王町
Omi Hachiman 近江八幡市
Higashi-Omi 東近江市
Aisho 愛荘町
Toyosato 豊郷町
Hikone 彦根市
Maibara 米原市

- more photos : biwa.ne.jp/~futamura... -

. Nakasendo 中山道 .

- source with many photos -

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Nishi-Omi Kaido 西近江街道 Western Omi Highway
Connecting 近江国 Omi with the 越前国 Echigo domain.

- Places along the Nishi-Omi Kaido
Fuda no tsuji 札の辻
Koseki 小関越え
Hokkokubashi bridge 北国橋
Kannonjo town 観音寺町
Karasaki Jinja 唐﨑神社 Shrine
Sakamoto Castle ruins 坂本城跡
Hiei tsuji 比叡辻
Noka 苗鹿（のうか）
Koromogawa 衣川
Ukimido 浮御堂
Katata 堅田

- reference source : kaidouarukitabi.com/rekisi... -

- wikipedia knows this -
In olden times also called Hokkoku Road 北陸道。北国海道、北国脇往還、北国往還、北国脇道
via
Koseki koe 小関越え
Ano 穴多　穴太
Wani 和邇
Mio 三尾
Tomoyuki 鞆結
Arachi no Seki 愛発関

- in modern times via
Otsu 大津宿 - Fuda no Tsuji 札の辻
Koromogawa 衣川宿
Wani 和邇宿
Kido 木戸宿
Kita-Komatsu 北小松宿
Kawaraichi 河原市宿
Imazu 今津宿
Kaizu 海津宿
Tsuruga 敦賀宿

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- quote -
Ōmi Province (近江国, Ōmi no kuni)
is an old province of Japan, which today comprises Shiga Prefecture. It was one of the provinces that made up the Tōsandō circuit. Its nickname is Gōshū (江州).
Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake, is located at the center of the province. "Ōmi" came from awaumi or "fresh-water sea" and the kanji of "Ōmi" (近江) means "an inlet near the capital" (See also Tōtōmi Province).
The ancient capital was near Ōtsu, which was also a major castle town. In north of Otsu, one of the most important monastery Enryaku-ji is located on Mount Hiei.
- History
Hōjō Tokimasa, the first shikken of the Kamakura shogunate, was made daimyō of Ōmi Province in the 10th month of Shōji 2 (1200).
During the Sengoku period, the northern part of the province was the fief of Ishida Mitsunari, Tokugawa Ieyasu's opponent at the Battle of Sekigahara, although he spent most of his time in Osaka Castle administering the fief of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's young son. After Ishida's defeat, Tokugawa granted the fief to his allies, the Ii clan, who built the castle and town of Hikone from the ruins of Sawayama.
Takebe taisha was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the province.
Ukiyo-e print by Hiroshige of the sailboats at Yahashi, one of the Eight Views of Ōmi, c. 1834
During the Edo period, it was host to five stations of the Tōkaidō and eight stations of the Nakasendō.
The southern part of the province around the town of Kōka (Koga) was the home of the famous Kōga ninja, one of the two main founding schools of ninjutsu.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Kurita District (栗太郡)
Yasu District (野洲郡)
Kōka District (甲賀郡)
Gamō District (蒲生郡)
Kanzaki District (神崎郡)
Echi District (愛知郡)
Inukami District (犬上郡)
Sakata District (坂田郡)
Azai District (浅井郡)
Ika District (伊香郡)
Takashima District (高島郡)

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Shiga was known as Ōmi Province 近江国
. Oomi Hakkei　近江八景 Eight Views of Omi .

. Folk Art from Omi .
. Omi joofu 近江上布 Omi Jofu Ramie fabric .
. Oomi shoonin tsuchi ningyoo 近江商人土人形 clay dolls from tradesmen of Omi .
. Omi Hino Merchant Museum 近江日野商人 .
. Oomi Daruma 近江だるま Daruma from Omi .

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Shiga 滋賀県
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伊香郡 Ika district 余呉町 Yogo town

. kitsune densetsu 狐と伝説 fox legends .
A dealer in brooms made from Shuro palm came crossing over the pass to reach Shiotsu in the early morning.
He saw a fox sleeping on the roadside and teased it with his broom. When he came back the same road during daytime, it became quite dark and he could only see a strange fire. He went there and found a large lodging house, where he could sleep and get some food, even a hot bath.
Another man came past and asked him "What are you doing here?"
The man came to his senses and saw he was all naked. His food was only shit from the fox.

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伊香郡 Ika district 西浅井町 Nishi-Asai town

gawata がわた Kappa (in the dialect of Shiga)
The Gawata pulld people into the river. One day children were playing on the river side and one boy was imitating the Gawata to shock the others. The others, who thought it was the real Kappa, caught him and beat him quite hard.

. Kappa 河童 water goblin legends .

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. hinotama, hi no tama 火の玉と伝説 Legends about fire balls .
Around 3 in the morning at the beginning of the month, a ship was heading to the lake. From the East came a fire ball and stopped right above the mast.
A little later a bit of wind came and the fire ball seemed to ride the wind and blew away.
Pondering about this happening, the men thought it must have been a group of spiders.

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minomushi ミノムシ roundworm
A man boarded his ship around 3 in the morning in March, when he saw something sparkling. He picked it up, it looked like 金粉 gold powder.
This was a minomushi, which represents the soul of people who have died on sea or in water accidents.

. minomushi 蓑虫 , "straw raincoat bug" .
larva of Psychidae

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -

塩津浜逸話集 Tales from Shiotsu
中村芳三

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1/30/2020

Noda Kaido Highway Numakunai

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
- Omoto Kaido see below
- Shiogama Kaido 塩釜街道, see below
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Noda Kaido 野田街道 Noda Highway
沼宮内廻野田街道 Numakunai mawari Noda Kaido

Connecting 盛岡 Morioka city, 岩手県 Iwate with 野田 Noda town the Northern part of 三陸海岸 the Sanriku Kaigan coast.

The 本野田街道 Main Noda Kaido Highway
Passing from Morioka via the
小本街道 Omoto Kaido
to 岩泉 Iwaizumi, then passing 安家 Akka and on to the Daikansho 代官所 Government office in Noda.
This was the shorter route and used more often.

The Numakunai 沼宮内廻野田街道 Noda Kaido passing via Numakunai
Branching off from the 奥州街道 Oshu Kaido in the North of 沼宮内宿 Numakunai-juku at the village of 尾呂部 Orobe
Passing 吉ヶ沢 Yoshigasawa, 葛巻 Kuzumaki, 関 Seki, 木売内 Kiurinai and 下戸鎖 Shimotokusari
and joining the Oda Kaido at 宇部 Ube.
Another route via the 角掛峠 Tsunokake toge pass went to 久慈 Kuji city.

Since 1664 the lord of 八戸藩 the Hachinohe domain used this road to go to Morioka and a 関番所 barrier was erected.
This road is sometimes called
shio no michi 塩の道 Salt road
to transport the salt made in 塩釜 Shiogama via Noda to Morioka. It was used by 南部牛方 the Nanbu Ushikata traders, who transported the salt on cows.

- Postal stations along the Noda Kaido

Noda 野田
Shimotowada 下戸渡
Kiurinai 木売内
Oguni 小国
Seki 関
Kuzumaki 葛巻
Numakunai 沼宮内
Umibe 海辺
Akka 安家

Akka is now part of the 下閉伊郡 Shimohei district, Iwate.

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Omoto Kaido 小本街道 Omoto Highway
From Morioka to Omoto town.
Present day highway 455.

- Postal stations along the Omoto Kaido
Morioka 盛岡
Yabukawa 藪川
Kado 門
Horowata 袰綿
Iwaizumi 岩泉
Otomo 小友
Nakajima 中島
Omoto Iwaizumi-Omoto, 小本

- Look at some photos ! -

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Shiogama Kaido 塩釜街道 Shiogama Highway
Connecting Shiogama with 仙台 Sendai, 宮城県 Miyagi.

shiogama - lit. kettle to make salt

- Postal stations along the Shiogama Kaido

Sendai Castle　仙台城
Iwakiri 岩切
Nangu 南宮
Ichikawa 市川
Shiogama 塩釜
then on to the famous Matsushima 松島

- quote -
Shiogama (塩竈 or 塩釜)
The city derives its name ("salt furnace") from an ancient method to harvest salt by boiling seawater in large kettles. The ritual is still performed every July at Shiogama Shrine, an important shrine at the center of the town. The shrine is also a popular cherry blossom spot with a large variety of cherry tree varieties.
Shiogama
is often combined with a visit to nearby Matsushima, as the two cities are connected by the popular sightseeing cruises via Matsushima Bay.
- source : japan-guide.com... -

. Shiogama Jinja 塩釜神社 / 鹽竈神社 Shiogama Shrine .
It is the head shrine of several hundred Shiogama shrines located throughout Japan.
In the“Narrow Roads to the Deep North",
the poet, Matsuo Basho, describes traveling from Shiogama to Matsushima by boat.
. tsubo no ishibumi at Tateishi 壷の碑を立石 .

- quote -
Shiwahiko Jinja　志波彦神社
It was formerly situated in Iwakiri, to the west of Shiogama, but it was transferred to the precincts of Shiogama Jinja in 1874.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

- quote -
Shiogama Jinja (鹽竈神社)
Three kami are enshrined at Shiogama Jinja, in three separate buildings:
Shiotsuchi-Oji-no-Kami in the betsugu (detached sanctuary),
Takemikazuchi-no-Kami in the sagu (left sanctuary), and
Futsunushi-no-Kami in the ugu (right sanctuary).
Shiwahiko Jinja is dedicated to another kami, Shiwahiko-no-Kami.
- History
The construction of Shiogama Jinja dates to before the historic era. Per shrine legend, the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu-Omikami, specifically commanded Takemikazuchi-no-Kami and Futsunushi-no-Kami, to develop the Tōhoku area.
A third kami, Shiotsuchi-Oji-no-Kami, guided the other two to this region. After their arrival, the area enjoyed a period of peace, and Shiotsuchi-Oji-no-Kami taught the local people how to make salt from sea water. In gratitude, a shrine was erected to the three kami.
Shiogama Jinja appears in historical records in 820 AD, when it was given exemption from taxes.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

source : artne.jp/event... 福岡市博物館

塩竈・松島図屏風 Shiogama - Matsushima Byobu folding screen

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. Sanriku Hamakaido 三陸浜街道 Sanriku Beach Road .

. shio no michi 塩の道 the salt roads of Japan .

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Miyagi 宮城県

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宮城郡 Miyagi district 七ヶ浜町 Shichigahama town

Mahanashijima 馬放島 "Island to let the horse run"
The two main deities venerated at Shiogama,
Futsunushi no Mikoto 経津主命(ふつぬしのみこと）and
Takemikatsuchi no Mikoto 武甕槌命(たけみかつちのみこと）
came riding on a white horse. They landed on the island Mahanashijima.
When the shinme 神馬 divine horse of 塩釜神社 Shiogama Jinja becomes old, it is brought to this island to live his last days.

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塩竃市 Shiogama city

fuji no ki 藤の木 wisteria tree
At the 塩釜神社 Shiogama Jinja the color murasaki 紫 purple is taboo.
The deity in residence does not like the fuji no ki 藤の木 wisteria tree and thus not the color.
All the parishioners of the Shrine avoid purple.

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kamagafuchi 釜ヶ渕 riverside of the kettle / cauldron
Once one of the 12 sacred kettles of the Deity, shinkama 神釜 / 神竈 / 御釜 O-Kama was stolen.
When the boat of the thieves passed the riverside, it sank to the ground.

O-Kama Jinja 御釜神社 "Shrine of the Divine Kettle"
宮城県塩竈市本町6-1 // O-Kama sha 御釜社

- quote -
This unassuming shrine is named for its four metal cauldrons which have been used since ancient times to make salt.
The cauldrons are designated one of the Three Great Miracles of Japan. The color of the water in these cauldrons is said to change before disasters, a belief so prevalent that during the Edo period the shrine was ordered to inform the rulers of the Sendai Domain whenever there was a change in color. It is even said that the color of the water changed just before the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake.

Okama Jinja enshrines Shiotsuchi Oji no Kami,
the god who taught humans how to make salt. An sacred salt-making ritual is held here on July 6 every year, a tradition which has continued for one thousand years.
- source : visitmiyagi.com/contents... -

Shiotsuchi no Oji had originally seven iron kettles, four remain - of two sizes
一口は径四尺 1,2 m diameter
三口は四尺八寸の鉄釜 a bit larger
dedicated to ryuujin 竜神 the Dragon Deity.

Every year on the 10th day of July there was a ritual of shiokumi 汐汲み scooping salt water from the seaside 釜渕 Kamabuchi.

Legend says Shiotsuchi no Oji had originally seven or even 15 kettles.
二口は野田 Two at Noda
一口は釜渕 One at Kamabuchi
四口は加美郡色麻村 Four at Kami district, Shikama
二口は肝沢郡水沢 Two at Isawa district, Mizusawa
一口は黒川郡富谷町志戸田 One at Kurokawa district, Shitoda
一口は仙台市石名坂円福寺 One at Sendai at the temple Enpuku-Ji

The deity 和加佐彦命 Wakasahiko no Mikoto changed into the figure of a young boy with a purple apron and let the bull to the Seaside. His whip was made from wisteria.
To our day people sometimes put a purple apron around their child in the hope it will grow up strong.

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塩竃市 Shiogama city 一森山 Ichimoriyama

Shiotsuchi no Oji 塩釜翁神 / シオツチノオジ / 塩竈明神 Shiogama Myojin
塩椎神 Shiotsuchi no Kami / 塩竃さん Shiogama San
There are three deities venerated at Shiogama Jinja. Later one of them,
武甕槌神 Takemikazuchi no Kami went down the river 利根川 Tonegawa to 鹿島 Kashima.
経津主神 Futsunushi no Kami went to 香取 Katori.
Only 塩椎神 Shiotsuji no Kami stayed here.

- quote -
Kotokatsukunikatsunagasa
A local kami who greeted the heavenly grandchild Ninigi upon his arrival at Kasasa of Ata no Nagaya (in Kagoshima Prefecture) after his descent from heaven (tenson kōrin). Nihongi states that the kami made a free-will offering of the land to Ninigi.
According to a variant "alternate writing" also provided by Nihongi, the kami is identified with Shiotsuchi no oji ("old man of the sea"), an offspring of Izanagi.
Shiotsuchi no oji is described elsewhere as guiding Hohodemi to the Palace of the Sea, and telling Emperor Jinmu about the "fair land to the east," with the result that he is viewed as a tutelary kami of the sea.
- source : kokugakuin Kadoya Atsushi -

- - - - -

tarayooju 多羅葉樹 / タラヨウジュ / Ilex latifolia
The Ilex tree in the compound of 塩釜神社 Shiogama Jinja is called
nanja monja, nanjamonja なんじゃもんじゃ "what is this?"
In former times, when bokesen 卜占 divinations were made, a leaf of this tree was roasted.

- - - - -

ushiishi, ushi-ishi, ウシイシ gyuseki 牛石 the bull who had become a rock
This huge rock is in the compound of 塩釜神社 Shiogama Jinja.
In the pond East of 塩釜神社 Shiogama Jinja is a huge rock, looking like a bull lying down, with his eyes, nose, horns and ears visible.
On the 6th day of the 7th lunar month, when the well is cleaned, it can be fully seen.
When the deity 塩土翁神 Shiyotsuchi no Oji made salt, the tide brought a huge bull, which turned into this rock.

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -
塩釜神社 OK
32 塩釜 (01) // 19 塩竃市 (00)

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1/28/2020

Ensho Kaido Saltpeter road

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
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Ensho Kaido 塩硝街道 Saltpeter Highway
Ensho no Michi 塩硝の道 Salpeter Road

From Kanazawa to Nishi-Akao, Ishikawa prefecture, former Kaga domain.
To transport saltpeter found near 刀利 Tori and 五箇山間 Gokayama to the harbour of Kanazawa.
This road was kept very secret,
Kaga han no kage michi 加賀藩の陰道 "Shadow road of the Kaga domain".
The saltpeter was used for the army and thus kept secret.

Kanazawa 金沢
Odatsuno 小立野
Tsuchishimizu 土清水
Yuwaku hot spring 湯涌(温泉)
Yokodani 横谷
Tori 刀利 (五箇山間) Gokayama
Bunao toge pass ブナオ峠
Nishi-Akao 西赤尾

- quote
塩硝街道の歴史
- source : kaidoaruki.com/area_chubu...

salpeter - saltpetre (UK) - saltpeter (US) - various spellings of the word

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- quote -
About Gokayama
The geographic making of Gokayama allowed the people to secretly produce saltpeter and gunpowder in underground facilities.
In 1585, Gokayama became part of the Kaga Domain under the Maeda family. The mountainous terrain led to the development of the sericulture industry with silkworms, for their cocoons, Japanese washing paper production, and saltpeter, for gunpowder. The money made from production was collected by the Kaga domain.
One of the reasons
for the high-roofed gasshō-style houses was to provide suitable space for all of the producers. The ground floor was where the saltpeter making and living spaces were located. The second floor, which is warmer, was where the silkworms were raised and also had some living spaces.
Saltpeter and black gunpowder production
was a huge industry here, with every home in Gokayama involved. When the demand for enshō (a raw ingredient of gunpowder) rose, up to 20 tons of Kaga enshō were produced here. Both the quantity and quality were the best in the country. ...
Saltpeter Museum (Ensho no Yakata 塩硝の館)
- source : thegate12.com... -

- quote -
Ensho no Yakata 塩硝の館 Salpeter Museum

富山県南砺市菅沼134 Toyama, Nanto city, Suganuma
- reference source : 塩硝の館 -

- quote -

塩硝の作り方 How to make salpeter
- reference source : 金沢市崎浦公民館 -

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五箇山塩硝鉄砲隊

火縄銃演武 Festival

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- quote -
Origin of Japanese gunpowder production and it's first use
Noel Perrin:”Giving up the gun-Japan’s Reversion to the Sword,1543-1879”(1979) pointed out that Japan was No.1 in the world for number of gun. But his discription did not touched to gun powder. A gun is only a pipe without gunpowder.
[1.]
How to produce the gun powder?
Ancient times, black gunpowder was a mixture of three fine powders. It consists of 75% saltpeter, 10% sulfur and 15% carbon. The grinding of saltpeter and sulfur are very easy, but grinding of carbon is very hard work, because the origin of carbon is charcoal of special hard wood( Hannoki in Japanese). For the grinding implement, stone mill was used. For pilot light of gunpowder, special fine powder, which was grinding by tea-mill, was used until second world war in Japan.
[2.]
A secret of saltpeter production in Japan Gun was introduced into Japan from Europe 1543 AD. The gun was present from TOKIAKI to a SHOGUN , which mediated by HONGANJI. HONGANJI temple initiate into the secrets to a warrior UESUGI KENSHIN.）. 　
As the production of the gunpowder is a secret, there was no information. We can find the origin of saltpeter in a game of children. Under the floor of old Japanese private house, we could find the crystal of saltpeter. The crystals is play a role of interesting toys. I’m sorry, but the phenomenon was lost by environmental change of sanitary living style. You can understand the mechanism of formation of saltpeter in Fig.1. ...
[3.]
First use of gun was in KAWANAKAJIMA war
Industrial production was started in GOKAYAMA by the of the disciples of HONGANJI. HONGANJI (temple) to oppose ODA NOBUNAGA. On the first use of gun was 1561 at fourth KAWANAKAJIMA war by SHINGEN. 1570A.D. by HONGANJI , NOBUNAGA was surprised very much in SESSHU-NODAFUKUSHIMA. An accepted theory of first use in NAGASHINO must revise by this fact. ...
- source : bigai.world.coocan.jp/msand... -

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- quote -
Saltpeter - Potassium nitrate .-
is a common food preservative and additive, fertilizer, and oxidizer for fireworks and rockets. It is one of the principal ingredients in gunpowder. Potassium nitrate is used to treat asthma and in topical formulations for sensitive teeth. It was once a popular medication for lowering blood pressure.
Niter, or nitre (chiefly British),
is the mineral form of potassium nitrate, KNO3, also known as saltpeter or saltpetre. Historically, the term niter was not well differentiated from natron, both of which have been very vaguely defined but generally refer to compounds of sodium or potassium joined with carbonate or nitrate ions.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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1/26/2020

Mibu Kaido Highway

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
- Kobugahara, see below -
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Mibu Kaido 壬生街道 Mibu Highway
Mibu doori 壬生通り Mibu road / Mibu michi, Mibu do 壬生道
Nikko Nishi Kaido 日光西街道 Western Highway to Nikko

From 日光街道小山宿 Oyama via Kanuma to 日光街道今市宿 Imaichi in 栃木県 Tochigi.

01 小山宿 Oyama
02 飯塚宿Iizuka
03 壬生宿 Mibu
04 楡木宿 Niregi
05 奈佐原宿 Nasahara
06 鹿沼宿 Kanuma
07 文挟宿 Fubasami
08 板橋宿 Sakahashi
09 今市宿 Imaichi

. Nikkoo Kaidoo 日光街道 Nikko Kaido Highway .

mibu 壬生 means place along the water 水辺、水生（みぶ mibu）and refers to a low-lying wetland.
The writing 壬生 was later used for the name and also for the clan which ruled in this area.
It may also be a version of the Mibu Be （壬生部、みぶべ), a 乳部 wet-nurse to the Emperor.

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- link with many photos on the way
- reference source : kaidouarukitabi.com/rekisi... -

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- quote
Mibu Domain (壬生藩, Mibu han)
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Tsuga District of Shimotsuke Province (modern-day Tochigi Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Mibu Castle in what is now part of the town of Mibu, Tochigi. Mibu was ruled through much of its history by a branch of the fudai Torii clan.
- History
The Mibu clan, which had ruled this area since the Muromachi period was destroyed at the Battle of Odawara in 1590, and their lands came under the control of the Yūki clan. After the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu assigned a 19,000 koku holding in this area to Hineno Yoshiaki, formerly of Takashima Domain in Shinano Province in 1602. Hineno was instrumental in the construction of the Nikkō Tōshō-gū complex, and was rewarded for his efforts in 1634 by a transfer to Funai Domain (20,000 koku).
Mibu was assigned to Abe Tadaaki,
who has served as a Rōjū to Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu, with revenues raised to 25,000 koku. He was reassigned in 1639 to Oishi Domain in Musashi Province.
Mibu then came under the control of the Miura clan,
for three generations, until the transfer of wakadoshiyori Miura Akihiro to Nobeoka Domain in 1692.
Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
then assigned the domain to Matsudaira Terusada, with an increase in size to 32,000 koku, and then 42,000 koku; however, he remained for only 3 years until his reassignment to Takasaki Domain. The domain was then reduced back to 25,000 koku and given to Katō Akihide, also a former wakadoshiyori, who made many attempts to reform the domain’s finances and administration. After his son, Katō Yoshinori was transferred to Minakuchi Domain in 1712, Mibu came under the control of the Torii clan, who then ruled until the Meiji Restoration.
The 6th daimyō, Torii Tadatomi,
sided with the Satchō Alliance in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, and fought in the Battle of Aizu, despite considerable opposition within the ranks of his samurai. The final daimyō, Torii Tadafumi was later raised to the rank of viscount in the kazoku peerage system, and served as the Japanese consul to the Kingdom of Hawaii.
After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Mibu Domain became part of Tochigi Prefecture. The domain had a samurai-class population of 1693 people in 437 households, per a census in 1870.
- List of daimyōs ...

Mibu (壬生町, Mibu-machi)
is a town located in Tochigi Prefecture
The remains of many burial mounds from the Kofun period can be found in Mibu. During the Edo period, Mibu-shuku was a post station on a branch the Nikkō Kaidō connecting Edo with the shrines at Nikkō,
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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. Mibudera 壬生寺 Temple Mibu-Dera .
31 Mibunaginomiyacho, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto

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Kobugahara Kaido 古峰ヶ原街道 Kobugahara Highway
鹿沼市 Kanuma city
To
the Shrine 古峯神社 Furumine Jinja
Kusagyu, Kanuma, Tochigi

. Furumine Jinja and the Tengu 日光山東光坊 Tokobo from Nikko .

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Tochigi 栃木県

kagami 鏡 mirror
If one stands in front of a mirror at night, at 3:33:33, there will be a different person shown in the mirror.

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Sankai Shonin 三海上人 Saint Sankai
The founder of the temple 行念寺 Gyonen-Ji near the Honguri bridge in the old province of Shimosa 下総国 Shimōsa was 三海上人 Saint Sankai.
He came to help the people of the region during a drought to get some rain. He performed rituals for 7 days without eating but no rain clouds showed up. The villagers got angry and decided to kill him. Just then black clouds appeared and it begun to rain terribly.

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benjokai 便所界 a realm of the toilet
When the boys from the local school go to the toilet and call out
「ノブユキくーん」 Hey Nobuyuki!
there is a hand coming out of the toilet trying to pull the caller inside.

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -

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1/24/2020

Minobu Kaido Highway

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
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Minobu Kaido 身延街道 Minobu Highway
Minobu Michi 身延道 / 身延路 Pilgrim Road to Mount Minobusan

This old road connected the sea of 駿河 Suruga (Shizuoka　静岡県) with the city of Kōfu 甲府 Kofu in the inland province of 甲斐 Kaii (Yamanashi　山梨県).
It was a trade route and also used by the army, especially by 武田 Takeda Shingen and the 今川 Imagawa clan.
There are still many 題目道標 stone markers along the road.

Another name for this route was the

Sunshu Okan 駿州往還 Sunshu Highway
(so called when starting from Kai)
or
Koshu Okan 甲州往還 Koshu Road
(so called when starting from Suruga)

- Not to mix with the
. Kōshū Kaidō 甲州街道 Koshu Kaido Highway .
From Nihonbashi in Edo via Kofu to 諏訪　Suwa.

The part along the river Fujikawa was called
Fujikawa Kaido 富士川街道 Fujikawa River Road

There were many stations since many pilgrims to Mount Minobusan used the road.

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- Stations on the road

河内路・身延道（興津ルート）Okitsu route (Kawauchi ji, Minobu michi)
甲府宿 Kofu
市川大門宿Ichikawa Daimon
鰍沢宿 Kajikazawa - Harbour of the Navy from Fujikawa 富士川水運の港町
岩間宿 Iwama
西島宿Nishijima
切石宿 Kiriishi
八日市場宿 Yokaiichiba
飯富宿 Iitomi
下山宿 Shimoyama
身延宿- Minobu temple town for Kuon-Ji
南部宿 Nanbu, Nambu
万沢宿 Manzawa
宍原宿 Shishihara (Shizuoka)
興津宿 Okitsu - connecting with the Tokaido.

岩淵ルート Iwabuchi route
万沢宿 Manzawa (Yamanashi)
内房宿 Utsubusa (Shizuoka)
岩淵宿 Iwabuchi- connecting with the Tokaido.
(- as an ai no shuku 間の宿 station between 吉原宿 Yoshiwara and 蒲原宿 Kanbara)

由比ルート Yui route (Shizuoka)
内房宿 Utsubusa
由比宿 Yui - connecting with the Tokaido.

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Kajikazawa 鰍沢
From Kajikazawa, Nichiren reached the basin of Kai passing the rivers Kamanashi and Fuefuki.

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- difficult parts of the road -

富士川 River Fujikawa was especially fast and dangerous to cross.

砥坂（とさか） Tosaka slope / 砥坂の渡し Tosaka no watashi river crossing

日下り道 Hisagari michi

早川の横渡し Hayakawa no yokowatashi river crossing

長峰三里 Nagamine sanri along the mountain ridge

西行峠 Saigyo Toge pass

. Saigyō Hōshi 西行法師 Priest Saigyo Hoshi . - (1118 – 1190)

- quote -
The Fuji River (富士川, Fuji-kawa or Fuji-gawa)
is a river in Yamanashi and Shizuoka Prefectures of central Japan. It is 128 kilometers long and has a watershed of 3,990 square kilometers .
With the Mogami River and the Kuma River, it is regarded as one of the three most rapid flows of Japan.
The river arises from Mount Nokogiri in the Akaishi Mountains in northwest Yamanashi as the Kamanashi River (釜無川, Kamanashi-gawa), and meets the Fuefuki River at the town of Ichikawamisato. There it changes its name to the Fuji River. It then flows around the west foot of Mount Fuji and into Suruga Bay at its mouth in the city of Fuji.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Kanbara: View of the Fuji River from Iwafuchi
(Kanbara, Iwafuchi yori Fujikawa o miru zu),
Utagawa Hiroshige

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- reference : wikipedia -
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Minobu Michi 身延道 Pilgrim Road to Mount Minobusan

- quote
Kuon-ji (久遠寺)
is a major Buddhist temple in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Founded by Nichiren in 1281 it is today the head temple of Nichiren Shū. While the Ikegami Honmon-ji in Tokyo is also the Nichiren sect's administrative centre, Kuon-ji today plays an important role as a seminary. Locally it is referred to as the Minobu-san Temple, after the mountain upon which it is built.
..... After returning from banishment to the island of Sado, Nichiren returned for a period to Kamakura, the seat of the Kamakura shogunate which ruled Japan at the time. He was invited by the magistrate Nambu Sanenaga, one of his converts, to relocate to Kai province, where the Nanbu clan had its ancestral estates, in 1274. Soon after his arrival Nichiren set up a hermitage that became a centre of learning for his disciples and adherents.
The original dwelling became too small and in 1281 Nichiren founded a temple nearby, which he named Minobu-san Hokke-in Kuon-ji.
- source : wikipedia

. Nichiren, Saint Nichiren 日蓮 (1222 – 1282) .
lived on 身延山 Mount Minobusan.

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Suruga Province 駿河国 Suruga no kuni
was an old province in the area that is today the central part of Shizuoka Prefecture. Suruga bordered on Izu, Kai, Sagami, Shinano, and Tōtōmi provinces; and was bordered by the Pacific Ocean through Suruga Bay to the south.
Its abbreviated form name was Sunshū (駿州) Sunshu.
. . . During the Edo period, Suruga prospered due to its location on the Tōkaidō, and numerous post towns developed. For defensive purposes, the Tokugawa shogunate forbid the construction of bridges on the major rivers of Suruga Province (such as at the Ōi River), which further led to town development on the major river crossings.
During this period, the major urban center of Sunpu remained a tenryō territory, administered directly the Shōgun by the Sunpu jōdai, and several smaller feudal domains were assigned to close fudai retainers.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

- quote -
Kai Province (甲斐国, Kai-no-kuni)
was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today Yamanashi Prefecture. Kai bordered on Sagami, Suruga, Shinano and Musashi Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was Kōshū (甲州). The origin of its name is uncertain. It lies in central Honshū, west of Tokyo, in a landlocked mountainous region that includes Mount Fuji along its border with modern Shizuoka Prefecture.
- History
Kai was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code. The original capital of the province was located in what is now Fuefuki. Under the Engishiki classification system, Kai was ranked as a "superior country" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the 16 "middle countries" (中国) in terms of distance from the capital. Although not directly on the Tōkaidō, it was also included as one of the Tōkaidō provinces.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Shichimensan 七面山 Mount Shichimensan, Shichimen San
and temple 敬慎院 Keishin-In
shichimen means seven faces, seven aspects.

- quote -
Mt. Shichimen is one of the famous mountains which has a great view of Mt. Fuji.
It is located Hayakawa Town, Yamanashi Prefecture. The summit of the mountain is 1989m high and there is Keishin-In Temple on the top of the mountain. Keishinin is one of the sacred temples of Nichiren Buddhism, and many believers practice at this temple.
Also, because Mt. Shichimen is located exact west of Mt. Fuji, at Spring and Autumnal Equinox Day, the sun rise from the top of Mt. Fuji. This phenomenon is called "Diamond Fuji." It is also called "Goraiko."
- source : mustlovejapan.com... -

敬慎院 Temple Keishin-In

- reference source : kuonji.jp/shichimenzan... -

In this temple, 七面大明神　Shichimen Daimyojin, the protector deity of the Lotus Sutra, is enshrined.

Her incarnations are
吉祥天 Kisshoten, 弁才天 Benzaiten, 瀬織津姫 Seoritsuhime, 市杵嶋姫命 Ichikishima Hime no Mikoto and
サラスヴァティー Sarasvathi, the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, art, wisdom, and learning

. Hokekyo 法華経 / Hokkekyo - The Lotus Sutra .

At the temple 瀬町長源寺 Chogen-Ji in Nagano
Shichimen sama 七面様 is venerated.
In the year 1276 in December, Saint Nichiren was giving a sermon. One of the visitors was a beautiful young woman of about 18 or 19 years.
When Nichiren asked her, she said the wanted to be blessed and become a protector of Buddhism, her name was 吉祥天女 Kissho Tennyo.
She asked Nichiren for some water and when he gave it to her, she changed into kooryuu, kōryū 蛟龍 a rain and flood dragon, flying away to the Western sky.
This is the origin of Shichimen Daimyojin.
- - - - -
Saint Nichiren sat on a rock and practised austerities at Mount Minobusan near 早川町 Hayakawa town. Many people came to see him. Once a beautiful princess came, but some young men shouted that she was disturbing.
So Nichiren asked her who she was. She poured some water of the pond into a lotus leaf and spilled it on the ground.
There came smoke and wound around her, taking her up to the sky as she turned into a hebi 蛇 serpent.
Nichiren said:
"This was 七面明神 Shichimen Myojin.
She lives in a lake about 20 miles down the mountain."
- Other versions of this tale say she turned into tairyoo 大龍 a huge dragon and flew away.
This was Shichimen Dai Tennyo 七面大天女 / ナナメンダイテンニョ Nanamen Daitennyo.
- - - - -
In 都留市 Tsuru city they say that 七面様 Shichimen Sama was an incarnation of 弁天様 Benten Sama.
She was also seen as kaiko no kami カイコの神 a protector deity for silk worms and a deity preventing fire and other disasters.

七面天女 Shichimen Tennyo
by 歌川国芳 Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1798 - 1861)

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.　千ヶ寺参り sengaji mairi / 千ヶ寺詣 sengaji mode -
pilgrimage to 1000 temples of the Nichiren sect .

.................................................................................　Yamanashi 山梨県

ryuujo 竜女 "dragon lady"
Once Saint Nichiren was giving a sermon. One of the listeners was a Dragon Lady which had shape-shifted into a woman.
Nichiren soon saw her real features and she became a protector deity of Minobusan.

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oha icho お葉公孫樹 / オハイチョウ leaves of the Gingko tree
In the year 1274 when Saint Nichiren had come to Minobusan, a visiting monk 善智法師 gave him poisoned mochi 餅 rice cakes and Nichiren was almost killed.
On this day he had been out walking and gave the rice cake to a shiroinu 白犬 white dog on the road. The dog died soon.
Nichiren took pity on the dog, held a memorial service for him and made a mound, where he put 銀杏の枝 his walking staff made from gingko wood into the ground.
The staff kept in the ground, got roots and became a strong gingko tree.
People used the leaves of this tree to protect themselves from poisoning.

- - -

shimizu no sakura 清水の桜 cherry tree of the clear spring
In the year 1274 on the 17th day of the 5th lunar month, Saint Nichiren passed Minobu village and felt very thirsty.
He stuck his tsue 枝 walking staff, which was made from cherry tree wood, into the ground, prayed intensely and what do you know, a spring with clear water opened.
The staff kept in the ground, got roots and became a strong cherry tree.

sakura shimizu 桜清水 stone memorial

- - - - -

While Saint Nichiren was walking along, he became thirsty and asked an old woman to give him some water.
The old woman went to draw water from the well and gave it to him.
Nichiren thought getting water was tough for the old woman. He stumped his tsue 杖 walking staff on the ground and a well begun to flow.
This is now called 姥清水 Uba Shimizu.

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. Chigo-Ike 稚児池 - 鬼子母神堂 Kishibojin Hall .
On the way to the 奥の院 Oku no In temple of Minobusan there is a small pond called Chigo Ike (pond of the young child).
Once there lived a woman which was very pious and kept all the precepts. But her child was not so pious and eventually she killed it in the pond.

The 鬼子母神堂 Kishibojin Hall at the temple in Minobusan is located along the route to the Oku-no-In sanctuary at the Chigo-Ike 稚児池 pond.

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Koyashiro 古谷城

Koyashiro 古谷城 area about 520 m high
- 身延町大城（おおじろ）古谷城 Minobu town, Ojiro, Koyashiro
Upstream of river 大城川 Ojirogawa.
A rather uninhabited area with tea fields.
- reference source : aikis.or.jp/~kage-kan.. koyashiro... -

- - - - -

. Fudo Myo-O 不動明王　.
at Koyashiro 古谷城

- - - - -

. hebi 蛇と伝説 Legends about snakes and serpents .
At 古谷城 Koyashiro there lived a beautiful young girl. A man from 梅ヶ島 Umegashima came to visit her every night.
Her mother was worried and one evening put a needle with a thread in his sleeve. She followed him to the river side 牛淵 Ushifuchi.
Later her daughter gave birth and was put into a tub with hot water, where she gave birth to hebi 蛇 a snake.

- - - - -

. ushi 牛と伝説 Legends about ox, bull, cow . . .
kin no ushi 金の牛 the golden bull
At the river side 牛淵 Ushifuchi in Koyashiro 古谷城 there was a deep hole where the water whirled around.
From the riverbank the sound of ゴーンゴーン gooon goon was heard.
People said inside was a golden bull.
Therefore at Koyashiro they to not keep bulls or horses.
The Ushifuchi is used for amagoi 雨乞い rain rituals.

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. Inari kitsune densetsu 稲荷狐と伝説 Inari fox legends .
A fox who lived at the temple 飯高寺 Hanko-Ji wanted to learn more at Minobusan, but when he took a nap after lunch, he was found out as fox.
This fox has lived since the times of Gautama Buddha and still wanted to learn more about Buddhism. The priest who had detected the fox kept quiet and built a sanctuary,
Monju Inari 文殊稲荷

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Yamanashi 西八代郡 Nishi-Yatsushiro district 六郷町 Rokugo town

. Legends from Rokugo town .

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

水筒につめる身延の寺清水
suitoo ni tsumeru minobu no tera shimizu

in my water bottle
I collect the clear water
from Minobu Temple
Tr. Gabi Greve

仁科歌子 Nishina Utako

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