Edo - the EDOPEDIA -: - - - Persons

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6/01/2016

jingi greeting

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. Persons and People of Edo - Personen .
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jingi o kiru 仁義を切る Yakuza greeting

When entering the home of a gang boss, the visitor had to stand in the entrance, bend his knees, left hand stretched out, palm up and the right hand at the hip.
He then introduces himself in a formal way, asking for a lodging or long-time stay.

- source : wiki - Kreislauf_des_Geldes -
This is the pose, but the statue is in Aachen, Germany.
(The figure symbolizing 'Bettelei' (Begging) in a group around a pond, Kreislauf des Geldes / Circulation of Money - by Karl Henning Seemann)
source :　vanderkrogt.net/statues
I must say, I have never seen a German (or European) beggar in this pose before . . . ?!

yakuza introduction, presenting bona fides
to make a formal salutation (between gamblers)
to observe thieves' niceties,
to inform the other party of a (negative) business development (ironical)
to make a formal introduction of oneself
to pay one's respects

kyookaku 侠客 Kyokaku, "chivalrous Yakuza person"
professional gambler in the Edo period

The Kyokaku were usually tall and strong persons, who could easily win a fight.
They also had the mental strength to lead others in their trade.

jingi means "humanity benevolence justice righteousness," "one's duty (to society" . . .

There are many translations and interpretations of this greeting.
- reference : "jingi wo kiru" -

. yakuza, the Japanese mob　 .
Eta and Burakumin

source : 課題ブログ

o hikae nasute おひかえなすって

一身上の都合で旅人（たびにん。旅から旅に渡り歩く者）となった者も、手拭い1本あればその土地土地の親分を訪ね、一宿一飯の恩を蒙り、草鞋銭（わらじせん）を得て旅行することができたという。ただし、一言でも言い間違えたり、所作に間違いがあった場合は「騙り」とみなされ、袋叩きになって追い出され、殺されても不思議ではなかった。
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

- quote -
The Jingi -- or Yakuza's Code of Ethics --
is a written code of conduct or behavior that by the law of the Yakuza has been followed for the past several hundred years. Depending on the Oyabun-- Father figure (Chariman)-- one could be removed from a syndicate or clan by simply disregarding one of these rules. Some occurance, however, are dealt with in a forgiving manner. The afforementioned is not a general occurance, and will most likely not happen with you. It is up to one's own personal conviction to either follow, or disregard the Yakuza Code, but those who disrespect the code are scum, and are not considered Yakuza who honorably live by this code.
.....
4.) The Yakuza Code of Ethics prohibits anything that may be considered an indecent act,
or an act that goes against Ninkyodo (Chivalry).
Reasoning -
The Yakuza were known as the chivalrous organization of their community. The whole purpose of the Yakuza was to serve their own form of justice. Acts such as rape or kidnapping were not tolerated. If these acts were carried out against family members of the Yakuza (daughters, girlfriends, wives, sons, etc.), those who took offense from the action would deal with such in a quite grizzly matter. The Yakuza were firm believers in the rule, "A Life for A Life".
Example: If a man were to rape the daughter of a Yakuza, that man would be taking her innocence, and in turn her future. Because of this, the Yakuza who had been offended would take the life of the offender, thus taking their future from them as recompense. Another example of going against chivalry is treachery.
Treachery is something that could not be tolrated in the days of the Yakuza. This was usually punishable by the severing of the offender's pinky, and their immediate expulsion from the clan or syndicate as an act to show off that the Yakuza is a traitor and should not be part of another family so long as he lives... Depending on the Oyabun-- or father figure (Chairman)-- this could be an activity punishable by death. .....
- source : yakuza-mob-roleplay.wikia.com -

source : chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa

. oyabun 親分 boss - kobun 子分 gang member .
- Introduction -

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ーーー　The four most famous Kyokaku "noble yakuza" outlaws of the Edo period :

. Banzuiin Chōbei 幡随院長兵衛 Banzuin Chobei . (1622–1657)
Asakusa, Edo - kyookaku no ganso 侠客の元祖 The first Kyokaku "chivalrous person"

. Kunisada Chuuji 国定忠治 Kunisada Chuji . (1810-1851)
Gunma, Shinshu
There is even a 忠治地蔵 Chuji Jizo Statue in his honor.

. Shimizu no Jirocho 清水次郎長 . (1820-1893)
Shimizu port, Shizuoka

侠客の世界──江戸から昭和まで Kyokaku no sekai - Edo kara Showa made
(The world of Kyokaku, from Edo to Showa)
村松梢風
江戸時代から昭和の始めにかけて、侠客は賭博（娯楽）をはじめとして、貸元・札差（金融・運送）、人入（人材派遣）、台屋（仕出し）、用心棒（警備）、火消（消防）、鳶職（建設）、米相場、芸能といった世界を仕切っていただけでなく、大物政治家たちの集会の手配、外国要人の警備もおこなっていた。
また、幕末繰り広げられた数々の戦いで官軍として戦った者の多くは侠客であった。侠客は日本の歴史の裏舞台であらゆる分野にわたって活躍していたといえる。本書は、幡随院長兵衛をはじめとして、かつて歌舞伎や浪花節、映画の主役として登場し、江戸から昭和まで庶民の人気を集めていた侠客について、様々な角度からその歴史、実態、伝説を紹介する。
- reference : kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn-

and

. Nozarashi Gosuke 野晒五助 .

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Shinmon Tatsugoro 新門辰五郎
(?1792 / ?1800 - 1875)

CLICK for more photos !

He lived in the late Edo period and the Bakumatsu times. He was leader of the fire brigade and 鳶頭、香具師 Kogushi、侠客、浅草浅草寺門番 warden of Asakusa Temple district.
The name "Shinmon" - new gate" refers to his job in Asakusa as warden of the New Gate.
金龍山浅草寺僧坊伝法院新門の門番

Shinmon lantern of the fire brigades is the second on the left.

He was also accepted by the 15th Shogun, 徳川慶喜 Tokugawa Yoshinobu, who called on him and his gang to come to Kyoto and become 二条城の警備 guardsmen at the Nijo Castle. Yoshinobu forgot his 金扇馬標 golden fan of the Tokugawa clan when fleeing from the castle, but Tatsugoro got it back to him.

source : Toshogu Museum Kunosan

Tatsugoro later became guardsman at 上野寛永寺 the Kanei-Ji temple in Ueno, where Yoshinobu took residence.

His last poem before his death
思ひおくまぐろの刺身鰒汁（ふぐとしる）ふっくりぼぼにどぶろくの味

. koogushi, yashi 香具師 performer, yashi 野師、野士、弥四、矢師 .

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平成新講談新門辰五郎―十番組纏づくし

新門辰五郎伝 - 早乙女貢

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- quote -
Tokugawa Yoshinobu 徳川慶喜 (1873 - 1913)
the 15th and last shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. After resigning in late 1867, he went into retirement, and largely avoided the public eye for the rest of his life.
Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born in Edo, as the seventh son of Tokugawa Nariaki, daimyo of Mito. .....
1866 After the death of Tokugawa Iemochi in 1866, Yoshinobu was chosen to succeed him, and became the 15th shogun.
Boshin War (1868–69)
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

川鯉の三尺三寸は侠客ぞ
kawagoi no sanjaku sanzun wa kyookaku zo

this river carp
of more than one meter
is a real chivalrous Yakuza . . .
Tr. Gabi Greve

奥山甲子男　Okuyama Kineo (1929 - 1998)

one shaku 一尺 ca. 30 cm // one sun 一寸 ca. 3 cm

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侠客の鮎にしらじら谿明くる
高澤良一

侠客の駈け抜けし径露どつと
吉田銀葉

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5/20/2016

Tokugawa Muneharu

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .
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Tokugawa Muneharu 徳川宗春
(1696 - 1764)
The Tokugawa Owari Clan　尾張徳川

Muneharu shared a lot with Shogun Yoshimune.
Since he lived with the common people in his youth, he knew about the problems of the poor and tried to improve their lot throughout his life.

. Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune　徳川吉宗将軍 .
(1684 - 1751)

Yet later Muneharu could not agree with the severe frugality laws and sumptuary edicts of Yoshimune.
In Edo he favored the Yoshiwara courtesan Koshikibu (who later changed her name to Koharu).
In 1731 he became the Daimyo of Owari (Nagoya).
In his quest to improve the life of the people of Owari (Nagoya), he had theaters built in town, held colorful festivals and revived the economy in no time. He is also known for personal luxury, but this was his gesture to show how spending money by the rich would trickle down to the poor in town.
The population of Nagoya grew very fast during his reign.

. Nagoya karakuri ningyoo　名古屋　からくり人形 from Aichi .
The Legacy of the Tamaya Shobei family.

He revived the Festival floats with karakuri ningyo からくり人形 delicate mechanical dolls to an extend that the skilled craftsmen of Nagoya are famous to our day (Nagoya no monozukuri).

Muneharu also encouraged Noh, Kyogen and the tea ceremony.

He paraded in the streets with a huge hat and a long pipe of about 2 meters, riding a white oxen.

- - - - - Look at many details of this figure here:
source : setonovelty.blog65.fc2.com

But whatever worked well for the economy of Nagoya would not be accepted by Yoshimune for the whole of Japan.

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- quote
Tokugawa Muneharu 徳川宗春, November 20, 1696 – November 1, 1764
was a daimyo in Japan during the Edo period. He was the seventh Tokugawa lord of the Owari Domain, and one of the gosanke.

Muneharu was the 20th son of Tokugawa Tsunanari by a concubine, and a great-great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. During his lifetime, he rose to the junior third rank in the Imperial court, and held the titular office of Gon-Chūnagon (acting middle councilor). He was posthumously awarded the junior second rank and the office of Gon-Dainagon (acting great councilor). Among his brothers were Tokugawa Yoshimichi and Tokugawa Tsugutomo (the fourth and sixth lords of Owari), and Matsudaira Yoshitaka (second lord of the Mino Takasu Domain). A sister, Matsuhime, married Maeda Yoshinori, lord of the Kaga Domain, which was the richest domain in Japan outside the Tokugawa's own holdings. Muneharu did not marry, but had numerous concubines. His fourth daughter married the kampaku Konoe Uchisaki.

- - - - - Loss of power
Given to personal luxury, in 1731, Muneharu published a book, Onchiseiyō (温知政要), which criticized ruling shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune for his policy of excessive frugality.
In 1739, following a long dispute with Yoshimune, Muneharu was forced into retirement and confined within the grounds of Nagoya Castle. A relative succeeded him as lord of Owari, taking the name Tokugawa Munekatsu. After the death of Yoshimune, Muneharu moved outside the palace grounds. He died in 1764, but was not forgiven, and a metal net was placed over his grave to indicate his status. When a later shogun installed his own son as lord of Owari, 75 years after the death of Muneharu, he had the net removed as a gesture of pardon.
- source : wikipedia

Onchiseiyō (OnchiSeiyo, Onchi Seiyo) 温知政要 - published 1731

慈悲憐憫が第一の学問

「忍」の二文字を戒めとする

- reference : waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki -

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徳川宗春江戸を超えた先見力
Tokugawa Muneharu : Edo o koeta senkenryoku.

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. kenyaku 倹約 frugality, thrift - Sparsamkeit .
. Buke shohatto 武家諸法度 Laws for the Samurai .
12 Samurai throughout the realm are to practice frugality.

「増税派の吉宗」Yoshimune for more taxes
and
「減税派の宗春」Muneharu for less taxes

source : blog.goo.ne.jp/masakasa_2007

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CLICK for more photos !

- quote -
"The theme of this karakuri is created on the image of Tokugawa Muneharu, the 7th Lord of the Owari Clan.
Tokugawa Muneharu was a multi-talented lord of strong individuality.
He wandered the streets of Nagoya wearing showy clothes, surprising people with his unique appearance. He also promoted local commerce and arts. By so doing, he greatly contributed to the economic and cultural development of Nagoya."
- source : kikuko-nagoya.com/html/karakuri-dokei-

徳川宗春 - 徳川美術館 Tokugawa Bijustukan Nagoya

- quote -
a private art museum, located on the former Ōzone Shimoyashiki compound in Nagoya, central Japan. Its collection contains more than 12,000 items, including swords, armor, Noh costumes and masks, lacquer furniture, Chinese and Japanese ceramics, calligraphy, and paintings from the Chinese Song and Yuan dynasties (960-1368).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #muneharu #tokugawamuneharu - - - -
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5/06/2016

Yurakucho district

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. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
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Yuurakuchoo, Yūrakuchō 有楽町 Yuraku-Cho district

- quote
Yūrakuchō (有楽町) is a neighborhood of Chiyoda, Tokyo, situated in between the Ginza and Hibiya Park, near the neighborhood of Shinbashi. Unlike its tonier neighbor Ginza, Yūrakuchō provides a glimpse of Japanese life from the early postwar period, with its many izakaya (Japanese-style bars, denoted by their red lanterns known as akachochin) and outdoor yakitori restaurants, many of which are located under the train tracks serving Tokyo's JR Yamanote Line. Because of its many traditional Japanese-style eating establishments, as well as its location on the Yamanote Line with easy access to Tokyo Station, Yūrakuchō is a favorite drinking spot for businessmen on their way home from work.

Yūrakuchō is served by several train and subway stations, including Yūrakuchō Station on the JR Yamanote Line and Keihin-Tōhoku Line, and Yūrakuchō Station on the Yūrakuchō subway line.

The neighborhood takes its name from Oda Nagamasu (or Urakusai, 1547–1622), younger brother of Oda Nobunaga. Nagamasu built his mansion here on land near the Sukiya-bashi Gate of Edo Castle granted by Tokugawa Ieyasu.

In 1707, the Tokugawa shogunate established the Minami-machi Bugyō-sho, the office of one of the magistrates of Edo, in this area.

The place name dates from the Meiji period. It arises from an altered pronunciation of Urakusai.
- source : wikipedia

. Sukiyabashi 数奇屋橋 Sukiyabashi Bridge "tea room bridge".
Moto-Sukiya cho 元数奇屋町 Moto-Sukiya district, Chuo ward 中央区銀座五丁目 Ginza 5th district

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Edomaejima, Edo Maejima 江戸前島　

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Long ago, reed beds, tidal flats, and shallow sea stretched across the area surrounding Edo Castle, and there was little even ground for people to live on; the area from today’s Hibiya to Otemachi was once known as Hibiya Bay,
while what is now the land from Nihonbashi to Yurakucho was a sandbar called Edomaejima.
When he moved to Edo in 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu immediately set about filling in the tidal flats and shallow sea of Edo Bay and engaged in urban development focused on the use of waterways for transportation. The land reclamation conducted during the Edo period crossed over the Sumida River to reach 2,700 hectares of land. This is equal to the total area of the Shibuya and Chiyoda cities. Channels for rivers and canals were built to smoothly transport goods over water, resulting in the rapid growth of Edo to become one of the largest cities in the world with one million residents living inside its borders by the end of the Tokugawa shogunate government.
- source : botanicallegacy/en/tokyo/waterside... -

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Oda Urakusai Nagamasu 織田有楽斎長益
(1547 - 1621）

- quote -
Oda Nagamasu 織田長益
(1548 – January 24, 1622) was a Japanese daimyo who lived from the late Sengoku period through the early Edo period. Also known as Urakusai (有楽斎), he was a brother of Oda Nobunaga.
Nagamasu converted to Christianity in 1588 and took the baptismal name of John.

Nagamasu
was an accomplished practitioner of the tea ceremony, which he studied under the master, Sen no Rikyū. He eventually started his own school of the tea ceremony.

Nagamasu
divided his fief between his sons Nagamasa and Hisanaga. Nagamasa founded the Kaijū-Shibamura Domain, while Hisanaga became lord of the Yanagimoto Domain.
- source : wikipedia -

Urakubara 有楽原 Urakubara district
This was the old name of part of the Yurakucho district, renamed in 1872.

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There is also a camellia plant named after Urakusai.
Uraku Tsubaki 有楽椿（ウラクツバキ）
He liked this plant very much for his tea room decoration.

In Tokyo this Camellia is called
Taroo Kaja 太郎冠者（たろうかじゃ) Taro Kaja

- reference : geocities.jp/tknrjpn -

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Uraku-En 有楽苑 Uraku-En Park and Jo-An 如庵
one of the famous gardens in Japan.

Jo-an (如庵) is a seventeenth-century teahouse in Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Said to be one of the three finest teahouses in the country, in 1951 it was designated a National Treasure.

Jo-an was originally built c.1618 in Kennin-ji, Kyoto by Oda Urakusai, younger brother of Oda Nobunaga and disciple of Sen no Rikyū. Relocated a number of times, since 1972 it has formed part of the Urakuen gardens in Inuyama.
- source : wikipedia -

愛知県犬山市大字犬山字御門先6
Meitetsu Inuyama Hotel Urakuen / Joan - HP
- reference : m-inuyama-h.co.jp/urakuen -

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

薫風や鼻緒のゆるき有楽苑
kunpuu ya hanao no yuruki yuurakuen

this fragrant breeze -
the loose string of my sandal
at Yuraku-En
Tr. Gabi Greve

Satoo Mieko 佐藤美恵子 Sato Mieko

. kunpuu　薫風、kaze kaoru　風薫 scented breeze .
- - kigo for summer - -

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- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

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. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #yurakucho #urakusai - - - -
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5/05/2016

bijin beauties of Edo

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. Ukiyo-e　浮世絵　"pictures of the floating world" - Introduction .
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Edo no bijin 江戸の美人 the beauties of Edo

. kanban musume 水茶屋の看板娘 Kamban "advertising servant girl" .

CLICK for more photos !

Beauties with a sumptuous body and plump face 豊かな体, ふくよかな顔 in the Early Edo period,
but the ideals for "beauty" were changing with time.

弾琴美人 Beauty playing the Koto / 鈴木春信 Suzuki Harunobu

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. bijin 美人 beauty - beauty amulet 美守 - bijin kigan 美人祈願お守り .
Next to prayers for good health, prayers for a beautiful face, skin or body were quite popular.
biyoo jisha 美容寺社 praying for beauty at a Shinto Shrine

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- quote
江戸時代における美人の条件は？ Conditions for a beauty in the Edo period.

面長
切れ長で涼しげな一重
鼻筋の通った中高の鼻
小さな口
きめこまやかで白い肌
美しく豊かな黒髪

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biidoro o fuku musume ビードロを吹く娘 girl blowing a poppen
美人画の大家・喜多川歌麿 Kitagawa Utamaro
This Bijin is a normal girl from the village 町娘. Her kimono is special, with an Ishimatsu pattern and cherry blossoms, signs of Spring.

. poppen, hoppen ぽっぺん / ポッペン glass ball plopping .
The glass balls are also known as "biidoro ビードロ", from the Portuguese vidro.

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江戸美人の原点？江戸時代初期の美人 Early Edo Period

CLICK for more photos !

「浮世絵の祖」ともいわれる浮世絵師・菱川師宣 Hishikawa Moronobu (1618 - 1694)
Japanese artist known for popularizing the ukiyo-e genre of woodblock prints and paintings in the late 17th century.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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美人というより美少女 - Beautiful Young Girls
明和期（1764 - 72年）の美人 Meiwa period

chaya no kanban musume 看板娘 Kamban Musume Girls
水茶屋「鍵屋」の看板娘・お仙 Kagiya no S-Sen
浅草寺奥山の楊枝屋「柳屋」の看板娘・お藤 Yanagiya no O-Fuji
二十軒茶屋の水茶屋「蔦屋」の看板娘・およし。Tsutaya no O-Yoshi

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抜群のプロポーション！ Nice proportions
健康美人 Healthy Bijin

人気絵師・鳥居清長の美人画 Torii Kiyonaga (1752 - 1815)
『当世遊里美人合　たち花』Tachibana
- Conditions for a nice body:
すらりとした長身
長い手足
あごは細めのシャープな顔立ち
きりりとした濃い眉
切れ長で涼しげな目元

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女性らしさ満点、グラマラスな寛政美人 100 points for being a beautiful Female
寛政期（1789～1801年）
Three beauties of the Kanei period 寛政の三美人

浅草寺随神門前の水茶屋「難波屋」のおきた O-Kita from Asakusa、
両国の煎餅屋「高島屋」のお久 O-Hisa from Ryogoku, Takashimaya
吉原芸者の富本豊雛（とよひな）Toyohina Geisha from Yoshiwara
by . Kitagawa Utamaro 喜多川歌麿 (1753 - 1806).

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個性的すぎる文政美人 Beauties around 1818 - 1830 文政 Bunei
with strong personalities
painted by 渓斎英泉 Keisai Eisen (1790 - 1884)
- Conditions
6頭身
首が短く猫背ぎみ
細長い顔
小さくつり上がり鋭い目
受け口

. . . CLICK here for more Photos !

Keisai Eisen (渓斎英泉, 1790–1848) was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist who specialised in bijin-ga (pictures of beautiful women). His best works, including his ōkubi-e ("large head pictures"), are considered to be masterpieces of the "decadent" Bunsei Era (1818–1830). He was also known as Ikeda Eisen, and wrote under the name of Ippitsuan.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

【おすすめ】こちらの江戸トリビアもどうぞ - further literature and links
- source : edo-g.com/blog/2016/

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daidokoro bijin　台所美人 "kitchen beauties"

Kitagawa Utamaro 喜多川歌麿

. . . CLICK here for more Ukiyo-E Bijin on stamps !

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浮世絵に見る江戸美人の化粧 Cosmetics of the Edo Bijin Beauties in Ukiyo-E
白、紅、黒―三色の美 The beauty of the three colors white, red and black
white 白粉 o-shiro for face powder
beni 紅 red for lip coloring
black for teeth coloring (o-haguro お歯黒) and eyebrows 眉

白、紅、黒はそれぞれ「白粉の白」「口紅の紅」「お歯黒と眉化粧の黒」で、それぞれについて浮世絵と化粧道具が展示されていました。

展示品の主な所有者はポーラ研究所で、なるほど化粧品メーカー、と印象アップ。江戸期の美人画にはそれぞれの店（勤務先）や、描かれてる化粧品の店構えが小窓に描かれてたりで、勤務先が描かれてる場合はそれこそ「看板娘」で、商品扱う店が描かれてる場合は「販促チラシ」みたいなものかと。そういえばどこかの茶屋の娘が大層美人でファッションリーダーになってたとかいう話をどこかで見かけたな…芸者や遊女や歌舞伎役者がいわゆるプロで、ファッションリーダーやった時代に茶屋の娘（看板娘）となるとさしずめ読モみたいな感じだろうか。
- reference : cella.fem.jp -

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oshiroi, o-shiroi (hakufun) おしろい / 白粉 white face powder
Rice bran powder was often used to wash the face until it was white.

- quote -
During the Nara Period (710–94), women painted their face with a white powder called oshiroi, and in the Heian Period (794–1185), a white facial color continued to stand as a symbol of beauty.
During the Edo Period (1603–1868), the culture of fair skin gained ground among commoners. The look sought after at this time, however, was a natural one. Ukkiri, a term for moist, naturally colored skin, appeared in a manual on beauty titled Miyako fūzoku kewaiden (A Handbook of Cosmetics in the Capital), which was published in 1813 and remained a bible for beauty through the next century. The work introduces a range of techniques for making the skin “beautifully white,” including facial cleansing, facial packs made from a natural mineral form of lead oxide, and herbal treatments for acne.
... “The tone the Japanese seek to achieve is not milky white but translucent, like a polished stone. Since the Edo period, women have gone to great pains to achieve this.” Records show that women spent a great deal of time putting on makeup and that cosmetics were geared toward accentuating the natural beauty of the skin. Miyako fūzoku kewaiden, for example, describes how oshiroi should be repeatedly applied and removed and the cheeks rubbed with a towel in order to make the skin look like porcelain.
- source : nippon.com/en -
- reference : edo o-shiroi white -

oshiroishi, o-shiroi shi 白粉師 making white face powder

source : メタボンのブログ

Different kinds of O-Shiroi were available, from Kyoto 京白粉, from Ise 伊勢おしろい, "natural white" 生白粉 and others.
Some were made including metal powders not really suited for the skin. Some were in powder form, some hard like soap, but all were applied with a special face brush.
suigin 水銀 mercury cloride was a main ingredient, so even the craftsmen who made the powder were exposed to this poison.
Others were white lead oxide, see below.
They had a special shop sign with a 白鷺 white heron.

新たな仙女香七変化粧 - Yokai Novel

A famous brand of the time was 仙女香 Sennyo-Ko.
The name was taken from the stage name of the Kabuki actor Segawa Kikunojō 瀬川菊之丞 Segawa Kikunojo (1693 - 1749).
The poor people had to use some face wash to keep the face as white as possible, but with the rise of rich merchants in Edo the use white powder among the townspeople spread quite fast.

- quote -
In time new products arrived on Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese ships. "Among the various compounds used, oshiroi [白粉 or おしろい], a white powder, and beni (rouge) [紅 or べに] contributed in constructing a woman's beauty. White powder was used to whiten the face and other parts of the body. The oldest form of face powder was made from white soil and rice flour. In the seventh century, the manufacture of keifun (mercury chloride) [けいふん] and empaku (white lead) [鉛白 or えんぱく] was imported from China. Their use was confined to the upper classes until the seventeenth century, when it became popular among the general public." The empaku "...was used extensively during the Edo period... It was mixed with water and applied with a brush. In the 1870s, the toxic quality of lead was recognized, and soon after a lead-free facial powder began to be domestically produced." (Ibid.)

In A Treatise on Chemistry by Roscoe, Cain and Schorlemmer (published by MacMillan, 1913, p. 685) the production of keifun is described: "Calomel has long been known and manufactured in China and Japan under the name keifun (light powder). This product occurs as a light bulky powder, consisting of very thin minute scales, lustrous, transparent, and white or faintly cream coloured. It is quite free from corrosive sublimate and is manufactured by heating balls of porous earth and salt, soaked in bittern (the mother-liquor of partially evaporated sea-water), along with mercury in iron pots lined with earth. The forms hydrochloric acid from the magnesium chloride in the bittern, the mercury sublimes into the clay covers of the pots, air enters by diffusion and the following reaction occurs: 4Hg + 4HCl + O2 = 2Hg2Cl + 2H2O. The cover thus becomes filled with a network of micaceous particles of calomel."

There is an article on "Gender and Hierarchical Differences in Lead-Contaminated Japanese Bone from the Edo Period" from the Japan Society for Occupational Health (Journal of Occupational Health, vol. 40, no. 1, 1998). In this study it was found that members of the samurai class had far higher lead content in their systems than did that of farmers and fishermen. Women in both strata had higher lead deposits in their bones than did their male counterparts. In the abstract to this article it states: "We assume that facial cosmetics (white lead) comprised one of the main routes of lead exposure among the samurai class, because cosmetics were a luxury in that period." While male samurai may not have used white lead makeup they were exposed to it through their contact with samurai females and this accounts for the lead content found in their bones. In fact it would seem that the wealthier the samurai the higher the lead content.
- source : printsofjapan.com/Index -

. Edo shokunin 江戸の職人 Edo craftsmen .

. shinise　老舗　a long-established store .
The store Sakamotoya 坂本屋 selling oshiroi白粉 the white powder for faces.

. oshiroi hake 白粉刷毛 cosmetic brush .

. beni 紅 lip color and
kurenaishi 紅師 making lip red from safflowers .

- reference : nichibun yokai database 妖怪データベース -
8 tales about 白粉 to explore.

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. ohaguro, o-haguro お歯黒 / 鉄漿 / おはぐろ Ohaguro, black teeth .

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Edo no bijin
- reference - Edo no bijin -

Edo no bijin ga: Kanei Kanbunki no nikuhitsu ga
Paintings of Beautiful Ladies in Edo Period
- reference : books.google.co.jp -

浮世絵美人 - 解体新書 : 安村敏信

CLICK for more books about Edo Bijin !

hyooban musume 評判娘 girl with a good reputation

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Women of Edo in the eighteenth century

Spectators gathered in Fukiyacho and Sakaicho in Nihombashi from early morning to see the many performances that were given there like Kabuki plays and puppet shows with storylines that resonated with the townspeople.
Among them were those who even competed with each other in investing much money on authors and actors.
Haiku, kyoka, and senryu poetry were a popular part of the culture of self-expression.
There were even those who became haiku, kyoka, etc. poets on their own.
Furthermore, some made business ventures by investing in publishers or by introducing woodblock prints to the world upon starting their own publishing businesses.
The demand for women’s goods such as ornamental hairpins and essential items for men such as pocketbooks and tobacco pouches led to the improvement of the craftsmen’s skills; establishing whole new genres in the unique Edo culture.
The appearance of exquisite restaurants frequented by wealthy townspeople also developed the food culture of Edo.
- source : nihombashi-tokyo.com/history ... -

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- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

Aichi
馬の鞍が荷をつけたままひっくり返ったので馬喰が困っていると、妙齢の美人が現れた。美人は馬を河原に引き出した。ふと気づいた馬喰が針を帛紗と共に背中につけると、美人は一塊になって淵に飛び込んだ。淵の主は蛇ではないかという話がある。

- reference : nichibun yokai database 妖怪データベース -
美人 89 to explore

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. Persons and People of Edo - Personen .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. Hanga 版画 in the Daruma Museum .

. Ukiyo-e in the Daruma Museum .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- - - - - #edobijin #bijinedo #edobeauties #ukiyoebijin #woman #women - - - -
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4/28/2016

Tokugawa Yoshimune

He was the first Shogun not born in Edo castle and brought up to become a Shogun. Thus his views on life were quite different from the Tokugawa Shoguns before him.
Since he lived with the common people in his youth in Wakayama, he knew about the problems of the poor and tried to improve their lot throughout his life.

- quote
... the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, ruling from 1716 until his abdication in 1745. He was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
... Yoshimune was from the branch of Kii. The founder of the Kii house was one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's sons, Tokugawa Yorinobu. Ieyasu appointed him daimyo of Kii. Yorinobu's son, Tokugawa Mitsusada, succeeded him. Two of Mitsusada's sons succeeded him, and when they died, Tokugawa Yoshimune, Mitsusada's fourth son, became daimyo of Kii in 1705. Later, he became shogun. ...
... In 1697, Genroku underwent the rites of passage and took the name Tokugawa Shinnosuke. In 1705, when Shinnosuke was just 21 years old, his father Mitsusada and two older brothers died. Thus, the ruling shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi appointed him daimyo of Kii. ...

Shogun (1716–1745)
Yoshimune succeeded to the post of the shogun in Shōtoku-1 (1716). His term as shogun would last for 30 years.
Yoshimune is considered among the best of the Tokugawa shoguns.

Yoshimune established the gosankyō to augment (or perhaps to replace) the gosanke. Two of his sons, together with the second son of his successor Ieshige, became the founders of the Tayasu, Hitotsubashi and Shimizu lines. Unlike the gosanke, they did not rule domains. Still, they remained prominent until the end of Tokugawa rule, and some later shoguns were chosen from the Hitotsubashi line.

Yoshimune is known for his financial reforms. He dismissed the conservative adviser Arai Hakuseki and he began what would come to be known as the Kyōhō Reforms.

Yoshimune also tried to resurrect the Japanese swordsmithing tradition. Since the beginning of the Edo period, it was quite difficult for smiths to make a living and to be supported by Daimyō, because of the lack of funds. But Yoshimune was quite unhappy with this situation, causing a decline of skills. And so, he gathered smiths from Daimyō fiefs for a great contest, in 1721.
The four winners who emerged were all great masters, Mondo no Shô Masakiyo (主水正正清), Ippei Yasuyo (一平安代), the 4th generation Nanki Shigekuni (南紀重国) and Nobukuni Shigekane (信国重包). But it didn't worked well to arouse interest, quite like tournaments in modern Japan.
Yoshimune also ordered the compilation of Kyōhō Meibutsu Chō (享保名物帳), listing the best and most famous swords all over Japan. This book allowed the beginning of the Shinshintō period of Nihontō history, and indirectly contributed to the Gassan school, who protected the Nihontō tradition before and after the surrender of Japan.

Although foreign books had been strictly forbidden since 1640, Yoshimune relaxed the rules in 1720, starting an influx of foreign books and their translations into Japan, and initiating the development of Western studies, or rangaku.

Ogosho (1745–1751)
In 1745, Yoshimune retired, took the title Ōgosho and left his public post to his oldest son. The title is the one that Tokugawa Ieyasu took on retirement in favor of his son Hidetada, who in turn took the same title on his retirement.
Yoshimune died on the 20th day of the 5th month of the year Kan'en-4 (July 12, 1751).
- source : wikipedia

- quote -
Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684-1751)
was a Japanese ruler, or shogun. He attempted most energetically to revitalize the Tokugawa shogunate after it began to encounter economic and other difficulties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. ....
- source : yourdictionary.com/tokugawa-yoshimune-

- quote -
..... Yoshimune is known for taking a more proactive tack in effecting shogunate control over many facets of the economy of the realm. Among his many policies, he effected a dramatic increase in the domestic production of sugar, silk, and ginseng, three goods which had previously been heavily imported, as part of efforts to stem the outflow of silver from the country. He also imposed a variety of sumptuary laws, and granted authorization to merchant groups to form kabunakama, groups which paid the shogunate fees in exchange for monopoly rights to production and distribution of certain goods. .....
..... The ritual protocols and procedures surrounding Yoshimune's accession to the position of shogun are an oft-cited example of shogunal ritual, and in particular of shogunal proclamations (宣下, senge), the most important type of ritual in the Tokugawa Book of Rites (Tokugawa reiten roku).
- source : wiki.samurai-archives.com -

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Yoshimune installed the
meyasubako 目安箱 petition box
suggestion box / complaints box / Vorschlagskasten für Petitionen
sojoobako, sojōbako 訴状箱

Only he had to key to open it, thus hearing the voice of the people directly and giving them a chance to complain about their superiors.

- quote -
Petition box
The petition box was a process employed at various times and places, notably in Edo period Tosa han, to allow members of society, regardless of their status, to have their comments and suggestions heard by the lord.
..... The first shogun to implement a petition box system was Tokugawa Yoshimune.
He did so in 1721, after having overseen a similar system as daimyô of Wakayama han, installing the box in front of the hyôjôsho (judicial offices). Prior to this, people often petitioned the shogunate illegally, through petitions known as osso (direct appeals to high officials) and sutebumi (anonymous petitions left at the gates of the castle); the creation of a petition box allowed for a legal avenue for such grievances to be expressed.
While social commentary could be submitted into the shogunate's petition box easily enough, petitions which called for legal appeals could only be submitted in certain types of cases, where other legal avenues had already been tried. The petition box system was considered quite successful, however, and was not only maintained, but was expanded to Kyoto, Osaka, and Sunpu, and remained in place until 1868. A number of policy moves, such as the establishment of the Edo fire brigades, have been traced to suggestions made in petitions placed in the box. ....
- reference source : wiki.samurai-archives.com/index -

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Yoshimune established a public hospital at the garden in
Koishikawa 小石川養生所　 Koishikawa Yojosho
with free treatment for all and a large herb garden for medicine.

... The hospital was established in 1722 by the shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune in the herb gardens of what is now the Koishikawa Botanical Gardens at the suggestion of the town physician Ogawa Shosen. The hospital offered its services only to the indigent. It was eventually merged into Tokyo University's medical school.
- source : wikipedia -

小石川養生所の開設

. - Edo 江戸 the Castle Town - .
Matsuo Basho at Koishikawa

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hanabi 花火 Fireworks after an epidemy

..... Yahei studied large-scale fireworks and showed his marvelous works at the Water God Festival in 1717. When the country suffered many deaths due to famine in Kansai (west) and cholera in Edo, the 8th shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune held a Water God Festival at Sumida River to console the souls of the dead, with Yahei’s fireworks.
This is said to be the beginning of Sumidagawa Fireworks that continues to attract millions of people in Tokyo today.
. HANABI 花火 Japanese Fireworks - Introduction .

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Along the new river banks and open spaces to protect from fire he had many cherry trees planted and thus supported the old custom of
hanami　花見 cherry blossom viewing and merrymaking.
He wanted to give the townspeople a chance to enjoy life.
The most famous spots are 飛鳥山 Asukayama, 御殿山 Gotenyama, Koganei and Mukojima.

飛鳥山 - 広重 Asukayama, Hiroshige

「飛鳥山花見」勝川春潮 Katsukawa Shuncho (1781 - 1788)
The ladies wore special Hanami Kimono for the occasion.

And the food was of course
. hanami bentoo 花見弁当 Bento lunch box for blossom viewing .

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In the early eighteenth century, shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune planted many cherry trees in the area and opened up the land for the enjoyment of the "Edokko" or citizens of Tokyo. The park was formally established, alongside Ueno Park, Shiba Park, Asuka Park, and Fukagawa Park, in 1873 by the Dajō-kan, as Japan's first public parks.
- source :wikipedia -

御殿山花見之図 - 広重 Gotenyama, Hiroshige

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To boost the coffers of the Bakufu, he encouraged the development of new rice fields -
shinden kaihatsu 新田開発 reclamation projects.
development program of newly cultivable lands / developing new farming land

source : edo/kaikaku/sinden
町人請負新田

He also initiated reforms for the use of koban 小判　gold money.

. shinden kaihatsu　新田開発 developing new farm land .
and the taxing system (nengu　年貢) for farmers

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. Tokugawa Muneharu 徳川宗春 (1696 - 1764) .

「増税派の吉宗」Yoshimune for more taxes
and
「減税派の宗春」Muneharu for less taxes

. kenyaku 倹約 frugality, thrift - Sparsamkeit .
. Buke shohatto 武家諸法度 Laws for the Samurai .
12 Samurai throughout the realm are to practice frugality.

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. takagari 鷹狩 hunting with hawks and falcons .
The hunting grounds of the Shogun

. Ohanajaya お花茶屋 Ohanajaya district Katsushika .
よ】吉宗の病治したお花さん Yoshimune no yamai naoshita O-Hana san
Hanafuda flower trump card for the letter よ YO - Yoshimune.

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Oka Echizen　大岡越前 - Ōoka Tadasuke 大岡忠相　
(1677 – February 3, 1752)
as a Japanese samurai in the service of the Tokugawa shogunate. During the reign of Tokugawa Yoshimune, as a magistrate (machi-bugyō) of Edo, his roles included chief of police, judge and jury, and Yamada Magistrate (Yamada bugyō) prior to his tenure as South Magistrate (Minami Machi-bugyō) of Edo. With the title Echizen no Kami (Governor of Echizen or Lord of the Echizen), he is often known as Ōoka Echizen (大岡越前). He was highly respected as an incorruptible judge. In addition, he established the first fire brigade made up of commoners, and the Koishikawa Yojosho (a city hospital). Later, he advanced to the position of jisha bugyō, and subsequently became daimyo of the Nishi-Ōhira Domain (10,000 koku).

..... Ōoka Tadasuke has been the central character in two jidaigeki television series. In one, Ōoka Echizen, actor Gō Katō played the lead. In the other, Meibugyō! Ōoka Echizen, Kinya Kitaōji played the same role.
In addition, series such as Abarenbo Shogun have portrayed Ōoka as an intimate of the shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

. Akasaka Hitotsugi choo 赤坂一木町 / 一ツ木町 Edo .
Around 1696, the residence of the city magistrate 大岡忠相 Oka Tadasuke Echizen no Kami was located here.
The 豊川稲荷 Toyokawa Inari Shrine in the compound is still there now.

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Yoshimune is well loved as a Jidaigeki hero, the

aberenbo Shogun 暴れん坊将軍 "The Wild Shogun".
He was rather large for his times and very strong, throwing huge Sumo wrestlers in the sand like nothing in his youth.

- quote -
Abarenbō Shōgun
a Japanese television program on the TV Asahi network. Set in the eighteenth century, it showed fictitious events in the life of Yoshimune, the eighth Tokugawa shogun. The program started in 1978 under the title Yoshimune Hyōbanki: Abarenbō Shōgun (Chronicle in Praise of Yoshimune: The Bold Shogun) who went after rogue Councillors and Daimyo who were abusing their power. After a few seasons, they shortened the first two words and ran for two decades under the shorter title until the series ended in 2003; a two-hour special aired in 2004, and then restarted from Oct. 13, 2013 at 7:00PM (Japan time) and still runs today. The earliest scripts occasionally wove stories around historic events such as the establishment of firefighting companies of commoners in Edo, but eventually the series adopted a routine of strictly fiction.

Along with Zenigata Heiji and Mito Kōmon, it ranks among the longest-running series in the jidaigeki genre. Like so many other jidaigeki, it falls in the category of kanzen-chōaku, loosely, "rewarding good and punishing evil."

Goyō toritsugi
The goyō toritsugi (御用取次) (his reform of the soba yōnin (側用人) was a Hatamoto person who scheduled appointments for the Shogun. He is generally a man of advanced years. In the first two casts, the character's name was Kanō Gorozaemon (played by comic Ichirō Arishima). Next came Tanokura Magobei (Eiji Funakoshi), and a few followed in the cast changes of the last years of the show.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Jidaigeki (時代劇) is a genre of film, television, and theatre in Japan.
Literally "period dramas", they are most often set during the Edo period of Japanese history, from 1603 to 1868. Some, however, are set much earlier—Portrait of Hell, for example, is set during the late Heian period—and the early Meiji era is also a popular setting. Jidaigeki show the lives of the samurai, farmers, craftsmen, and merchants of their time. Jidaigeki films are sometimes referred to as chambara movies, a word meaning "sword fight", though chambara is more accurately a subgenre of jidaigeki. Jidaigeki rely on an established set of dramatic conventions including the use of makeup, language, catchphrases, and plotlines.
..... List of jidaigeki films
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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