yatai food stalls

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. Food vendors in Edo .
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yatai 屋台 food stalls, pushcart stalls
hikiko 引き子 puller of the yatai

In modern times, we now have "food stall villages", yatai mura, where many are located together to share water supply and toilets.

. Eating out in Japan - Introduction .

Edo Yatai 江戸屋台 Food stalls in Edo



The most famous three ones were for Sushi, Tenpura and Soba buckwheat noodles.
Others sold food based on cooked rice, like 稲荷ずし Inarizushi, 茶飯 Chameshi rice cooked with green tea or 麦飯 Mugimeshi mixed with barley. Others sold all kinds of mixes soups.
Sweets were also sold in Yatai stalls.
There were about 7600 yatai in Edo, because there were so many single men coming here to work who needed food.
The yatai was carried around, but it had all that was needed. A lamp (andon) at one side, stove (kama) at the other.

. Sushi 寿司屋台　Sushi Yatai .

. Tenpura　天ぷら屋台 Tempura Yatai .

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Soba Yatai　蕎麦屋台 in Edo
They were out all evening and allowed to work the streets until morning. Carried on the shoulder pole, the two boxes contained all the cook needed.


CLICK for more photos !

The nihachi soba 二八蕎麦 (80% buckwheat and 20% wheat) was mostly frequented.

In the beginning, buckwheat was served as
sobagaki 蕎麦掻 (そばがき) buckwheat dumplings
Later it was cut in noodle form, kirisoba 切り蕎麦

tenpura soba 天麩羅そば Soba with Tempura topping
one of the more expensive ones.

The prize of Soba was in doubles of four Mon, the smallest coin available in Edo.
Simple Soba were just 16 Mon (about 320 Yen now), Tempura Soba and other delicious toppings cost 32 Mon.



. shimonya 四文屋 "Four Mon Shop" .
- Introducing the money of the Edo period -

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fuurin soba 風鈴そば Furin "windbell Soba"




. Edo Fuurin 風鈴 Furin Wind Chimes from Edo .

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- quote -
The first person to eat soba noodles in Edo was a monk from Nihombashi (Nihonbashi 日本橋)
The first person to eat soba noodles in Edo was a Nihombashi resident four hundred years ago.

The first time soba noodles appeared in Edo literature was when it was mentioned in the Jisho Diary (1614), which was written by the monk Jisho of the Sonshoin Temple in Kyoto. The entry of February 3rd shows that he ate buckwheat noodles with Sencho of Edo Nihombashi’s Tokoin Temple and Kuun of Oumi Sakamoto’s Yakujuin when they went to a bathhouse but could not enter because it was too crowded.
Tokoin Temple was in Nihombashi’s Shinnawacho (now Nihombashi Honcho 4-Chome). It was then transferred and is now in Nishiasakusa. Soba noodles are a dish that spread out from temples and shrines out to the general public.

It is said that “Shinanoya”, which opened in Nihombashi’s Setomoncho (now Nihombashi Muromachi) during the Kanbun period (1661 to 1673) was the first soba noodle shop in Edo.
The noodles that were served at Shinanoya were called “kendon” noodles. Kendon noodles were originally served as light finishing meals served during tea ceremonies at places such as temples. They are served as single orders on bamboo trays and enjoyed by dipping small portions in broth. The broth is “taremiso”, which is made with strained miso and water containing plenty of flavorings such as juice derived from daikon, citrus peel, perilla, dried plum, and dried seaweed.

The soba broth we know today was developed around the mid- to late Edo period (mid-seventeenth century to the late eighteenth century), when it became easy for common people to get their hands on dried bonito, which serves as the base. It is also around this time when soy sauce, sake, and sweet cooking rice wine became what they are today. ...

Shinanoya in Nihombashi’s Shinzaimokumachi (now Nihombashi Horidomecho) began serving “bukkake soba” (soba noodles covered with toppings) during the Genroku period (1688 – 1704). It was from around the Kansei period (1789 – 1801) a hundred years later when it started to be called “kake soba”.
- - - The Big Four of Edo Dining
- source : nihombashi-tokyo.com/history-

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source : edococo.exblog.jp

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- quote -
A Long Story of the Long Soba
..... According to the book Soba－Edo no Shokubunnka (Buckwheat noodles―The Food Culture of the Edo Period) (2001) by Toshiya Kasai, the very origin of Soba found so far is pollen from a stratum of the beginning of the Jomon period. The direct origin of eating Soba on New Year’s Eve can be dated back to the Edo period. Soba was always eaten on special events in those days, and Toshi-koshi-soba, which means the New Year’s Eve Soba, used to be one of them. Today, Soba is not regarded as something to eat on special occasions, but still the tradition of Toshi-koshi-soba remains. Two different traditions, the tradition of eating Soba in December and the tradition of eating Soba at the end of each month have fused into the tradition of Toshi-koshi-soba.
..... Firstly, the tradition of eating Soba in December was popular among the people of the Edo period because it was the last chance of the year to taste Shin-soba, which is Soba made from fresh buckwheat flour.
..... Secondly, people tended to eat Soba at the end of each month in the Edo period. It was called Misoka-soba, since Misoka means ‘the last day of a month’. Soba was regarded as a frugal but special meal. They ate Misoka-soba to celebrate the fact that they have been able to live another month working hard with good health.
- source : komabatimes.wordpress.com - Tomoko Takahashi -

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sobachoko 蕎麦猪口　dipping pot with Daruma design



In Summer, Soba were served cold.
At the Edo food stalls, the dipping sauce in the small cup/pot was mostly
hishio, 醤油 strong soy sauce base.

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yotaka soba 夜鷹蕎麦 Soba for "night hawker" prostitutes


source : 77422158.at.webry.info - 蘭鋳郎の日常

Most ladies of the night did not even have sandals and had to make do with a hot pot of Soba to get warm between serving customers.

. yotaka 夜鷹 "nighthawks (night hawks)" cheap prostitutes .

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Here is Daruma san, eating his fill at Moriyama, Tokaido
守山 - ｢達磨大師｣
He has various trays with Soba like a mountain (yama 山) filled with many Soba (mori 盛り）to make a pun of the place name Moriyama.


Print by Utagawa 歌川国芳


Daruma Yobanashi だるま夜話 "Night Stories" and more prints
. Daruma eating Buckwheat noodles .


. soba 蕎麦 Legends about buckwheat .

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. soba 蕎麦 buckwheat - plant and food .
Polygonum fagopyrum - with kigo from various seasons

Buchweizen, Buchweizennudeln

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Oniazami no Seikichi / Oni-Azami Seikichi 鬼あざみ清吉 Oniazami Seikichi
The Bandit Seikichi (Demon Thistle) - the thief Oniazami - Gangster Oniazami
He was a famous thief and soon the model of some novels, prints and stories.
He was caught in 伊勢 Ise and brought back to Edo, where he died in 1805.


source : shokubun.la.coocan.jp/kirisoba

The print shows the famous thief Oniazami no Seikichi, hiding in a Soba Yatai.

- quote -
Sato Moyo Azami no Ironui - Izayoi Seishin
This Sewamono, commonly called "Izayoi seishin," was written by Kawatake Mokuami. It depicts the vicissitudes of Seishin, a priest at Gokurakuji temple, and the courtesan Izayoi.
Seishin was expelled from his temple for nyobon (Buddhist priest's illicit sexual relations with a woman). Izayoi realizes that she is pregnant with Seishin's child, and escapes from the kuruwa (licensed prostitution quarter). Izayoi and Seishin meet near the Inase river, and jump into the river in an attempt to commit double suicide.
However, unknown to each other, they both survive. Seishin has become an outlaw because he accidentally killed a man, and Izayoi has become the mistress kept by Hakuren, who rescued her from drowning. Later, Izayoi and Seishin meet again in the mountains of Hakone.
They became thieves calling themselves Oniazami no Seikichi and Osayo, and visit Hakuren to extort money from him.
At present,
the play is performed from the 'Inasegawa hyappongui' scene in which Izayoi and Seishin attempt to commit double suicide, to the 'Hyappongui kawashimo' scene in which the two of them, each not knowing that the other has survived, pass by each other.
A highlight of the 'Hyappongui kawashimo' scene is Seishin's "Shikashi mateyo" speech after he has committed the crime of murder, and the evil in his heart has awakened.
- source : ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/kabuki/en -



- reference : oniazami seikichi -

Oniazami is also a story of Rakugo in Kansai. 上方落語の演目の一つ.

. jooshuu oniazami 上州鬼薊 thistle, Cirsium okamotoi .
and other types of Oniazami plants in Japan


. nusutto 盗人 / ぬすっと robbers / villains of Edo .

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小屋掛けの蕎麦屋一軒雪間草
koya kake no sobaya ikken yukimagusa

just one stall
of a Soba vendor -
plants out of the snow
Tr. Gabi Greve

岡本菊絵 Matsumoto Kikue

. WKD : yukimagusa 雪間草 plants peeking out of a break in the snow .
- - kigo for early spring - -

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青空や戦で死んだ鬼あざみ
aosora ya ikusa de shinda oniazami

this blue sky -
Oniazami was killed
in the fight

駿河静男　Suruga Shizuo

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. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


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[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #yatai #foodstalls #sobabuckwheat #yotakasoba #oniazamiseikichi - - - -
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Sekigahara

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .
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Sakigahara　関が原 / 関ケ原 / 関ヶ原

The village of Sekigahara 関ケ原町 Sekigahara-cho is located in the Fuwa District of Gifu.
In 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara took place here.

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- quote
The Battle of Sekigahara
(関ヶ原の戦い/ 關ヶ原の戰い Sekigahara no Tatakai)
was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Tokugawa Ieyasu
took three more years to consolidate his position of power over the Toyotomi clan and the daimyo, but Sekigahara is widely considered to be the unofficial beginning of the Tokugawa bakufu, the last shogunate to control Japan. Japan had a long period of peace after the battle.
- snip -
- - - - - Seeds of dissent from Sekigahara
While most clans were content with their new status, there were many clans, especially those on the western side, who became bitter about their displacement or what they saw as a dishonorable defeat or punishment. Three clans in particular did not take the aftermath of Sekigahara lightly:
The Mōri clan,
headed by Mōri Terumoto (Mori Terumoto), remained angry toward the Tokugawa shogunate for being displaced from their fief, Aki, and being relocated to the Chōshū Domain, even though the clan did not take part in the battle at all.
The Shimazu clan,
headed by Shimazu Yoshihiro, blamed the defeat on its poor intelligence-gathering, and while they were not displaced from their home province of Satsuma, they did not become completely loyal to the Tokugawa shogunate either. Taking advantage of its large distance between Edo and the island of Kyūshū as well as its improved espionage, the Shimazu clan demonstrated that it was virtually an autonomous kingdom independent from the Tokugawa shogunate during its last days.
The Chōsokabe clan,
headed by Chōsokabe Morichika, was stripped of its title and domain of Tosa and sent into exile. Former Chōsokabe retainers never quite came to terms with the new ruling family, the Yamauchi clan, which made a distinction between its own retainers and former Chōsokabe retainers, giving them lesser status as well as discriminatory treatment. This class distinction continued even generations after the fall of the Chōsokabe clan.
The descendants of these three clans would in two centuries collaborate to bring down the Tokugawa shogunate, leading to the Meiji Restoration.
- - - More details in the WIKIPEDIA !




Sekigahara Kassen Byōbu (『関ヶ原合戦屏風』),
Japanese screen depicting the Battle of Sekigahara (関ヶ原の戦い).
This 1854 replica recreates the original Hikone-jō Bon Sekigahara Kassen Byōbu (彦根城本『関ヶ原合戦屏風』 by Sadanobu Kanō (狩野貞信) from the 1620s and was a treasure of the Lord Ii of Hikone (彦根藩井伊家) thereinafter.
However, it is not a faithful rendition of the original, with some noticeable omissions and design alterations throughout the layout. Collection of The Town of Sekigahara Archive of History and Cultural Anthropology (関ヶ原町歴史民俗資料館所蔵), found in a private collection of a long-term resident of Ōgaki, near Sekigahara.
- source : commons.wikimedia.org -


. Mori Terumoto about winning a battle .
"The Mori Clan should never be involved in a battle!".

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. Nakasendoo　中山道 Nakasendo Road .

58. Sekigahara-juku 関ヶ原宿


Hiroshige print

- quote -
Sekigahara-juku is convenient because it is located at the intersection of many roads. In addition to being part of the Nakasendō, it also is connected to the Hokkoku Kaidō and the Ise Kaidō. However, its location has also been the site of many battles, including the Jinshin War and the Battle of Sekigahara.
In 1843,
the post station had 1,389 residents and 269 buildings. Among the buildings, there was one honjin, one sub-honjin, and 33 hatago.
As the area around the former Sekigahara-juku remains a convenient and popular transportation hub, there are no ruins of the former post town to be found. However, because of all the battles in their area, there are many other ruins that can be seen.
- source : wikipedia -

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- quote - Japan Times -
Battle of Sekigahara: a war set in stone
by Stephen Mansfield
They were selling steamed buns and mugwort ice cream to a handful of history buffs when I arrived at the entrance to War Land, or to use its full name, The Immersion Museum — Sekigahara War Land.
- snip -
The open valley basins of Gifu Prefecture at the very center of Honshu, where the town of Sekigahara lies, were easily co-opted as theaters of war. It’s no coincidence, given the martial history of the region, that the prefectural town of Seki, sitting on the Nakasendo trunk road connecting Tokyo (then Edo) and Kyoto, was once known as the premier sword-making spot in the country.


CLICK for more photos !

Sekigahara was second only to the Battle of Okinawa in being the largest armed conflict between two opposing armies to take place on Japanese soil. It was unquestionably the foremost confrontation between two Japanese forces. In terms of Japanese history, the battle altering the future course of the nation might be compared to Gettysburg.
- snip -
- source : japantimes.co.jp/life/2016/03/19-

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- quote -
In 1600, Sekigahara, the dividing point between eastern and western Japan, was the scene of a decisive battle fought between the Eastern Army led by Tokugawa Ieyasu who aimed to unite Japan under his rule, and the Western Army formed to fight the Tokugawa forces under the command of Ishida Mitsunari.
Although the Western Army had a slight upper hand at first, the situation reversed when Kobayakawa Hideaki defected to the Eastern Army resulting in its victory.



The Battle of Sekigahara, regarded as one of the largest pivotal conflicts in Japanese history, lasted only six hours. Three years later, Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate at Edo (present-day Tokyo) and took over the rule of Japan. The town of Sekigahara which served as the battlefield of this massive battle abounds today with historic battle-related landmarks. We invite you to come and explore the army base camps and historic landmarks of the Battle of Sekigahara which will take you back to the time of this historic battle. You can also enjoy the beautiful natural surroundings as you stroll around the town of Sekigahara.
- source : kanko-sekigahara.jp -



- further reference -

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やぎ乳アイス Ice cream from Goat's milk
笹尾山麓で関ヶ原名物 - speciality from Sekigahara


. aisukuriimu アイスクリーム ice cream .

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shigure hamaguri 時雨蛤 clamshells in sweet syrup
This refers back to the famous battle of Sekigahara (1600), near Ogaki castle, where the fishermen of Kuwana gave some clams to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
The clams are harvested out of the sand and then left for a while in a bucket of plain water to spit out the sand they still have in their body. They are then boiled in this water with shredded ginger roots and then cooled. Next they are simmered in special soy sauce from Ise (tamari shoyu たまり醤油) and flavored with sweet mizuame syrup.

. WASHOKU - clamshell, hamaguri 蛤 (はまぐり) .

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

Yamabushi 山伏 mountain priest
During the Battle of Sekigahara, a Samurai cut off the legs of a mountain priest and took away all his food. The Yamabushi cursed him until the seventh generation and then died.
Since then, if a Head of this Samurai family inherits the name, he will suffer from heavy pain in his legs. If he passes on the Headship, he will be healed.

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Ehime 愛媛県 砥部町 Tobe

mekura hebi メクラヘビ the blind snake
Once upon a time
in the 芳賀家 Haga famili, which served as village head, there was a very special woman. She had been to the Battle of Sekigahara and came back. But the family thought of her as a shame and killed her.
Since then there roamed a blind snake in 猿谷 Saruya and got killed, but was later venerated in a Shinto shrine.
She became the deity 芳賀大明神 Haga Daimyojin.

and not related another legend from Matsuyama
八股榎お袖大明神（やつまたえのきおそでだいみょうじん）
Yatsumata Enoki O-Sode Daimyojin
- source : wikipedia -

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Gifu 岐阜県

Nagaragawa no kajika 長良川の河鹿 the Kajika frogs of Nagaragawa
The he lost the battle, female attendants of Oda Hidenobu 織田秀信 (1580 - 1605) threw themselves in the river Nagaragawa and died. Their souls became the Kajika frogs.

. kajikagaeru　河鹿蛙 Polypedates buergeri, river frog .


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Mie 三重県 松坂市 Matsuzaka

Kawakami Hachimangu 川上八幡宮　Shrine
At the battle of Sekigaraha, the head of 大谷刑部 Otani Gyobu (Otani Yoshitsugu, 1559 - 1600) was burried at the roots of some 菖蒲 Japanese Iris by a vassal. A wandering priest observed this, and told Tokugawa Ieyasu that he had cut off the head. Later he became the first Lord of the Todo Clan of Ise 伊勢の藤堂家.
The head of Gyobu was burried at the Shrine Kawakami Hachimangu, but it brought a curse with it.
So the Head of the Todo clan cound never visit this shrine.

川上八幡宮　-　三重県津市美杉町川上3498
3498 Misugicho Kawakami, Tsu, Mie - - - HP of the shrine S
- reference : wakamiya.info-


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Shiga 滋賀県

At the battle of Sekigahara, the leader of the loosing Western Army pleaded for its soldiers not to be beheaded,
but the Eastern Army, in its frenzy of victory, beheaded them all. A serpent living in the weeds there was all washed in blood and became blind and all white.
The souls of the dead slipped into its body and to our day a white serpent lingers on the mountain roads of the region.

When Ishida Mitsunari 石田三成 lost the battle of Sekigahara, his wife and her attendants threw themselves into the ponds 千貫池 Senkan-Ike and 万貫池 Mankan-Ike. Their curse stayed with the ponds and during a great rainfall at night people hear their crying and sniffing voices to our day.

. Ishida Mitsunari 石田三成 (1560 - 1600) .


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Shizuoka 静岡県

Otoragitsune, O-Tora-Gitsune お寅狐 the Fox named Tora (Tiger)
In this area, there are many stories about people being bewitched by a special fox, the
Toragitsune.
When he heard the sound of guns during the Battle of Sekigahara, he run away and became lame on one leg. People who are bewitched by this fox become lame, but also begin to talk about war strategy.

関が原の戦いで鉄砲の音がしてから逃げたらビッコになったという。
. Otoragitsune, O-Tora-Gitsune お寅狐 The Fox named Tora (Tiger) .
and the Battle of Nagashino (長篠の戦い).


- LINK to many ema 絵馬 votive tablets with O-Toragitsune:
- source : youkaiodaie.blog.fc2.com -

This seems a mix-up with the name of the battle of Nagashino,
Nagashino Shitaragahara　長篠設楽原　(ながしの したらがはら).


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関ヶ原畦一筋の野火走る
Sekigahara aze hitosuji no nobi hashiru

Sekigahara -
burning the small paths
between the withered fields
Tr. Gabi Greve

山本悦子 Yamamoto Etsuko

. WKD : nobi 野火（のび）fire of the withered fields .
noyaki 野焼 (のやき) burning the withered fields
- - kigo for spring - -



source : momotaro.naganoblog.jp


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蚊柱のさまよい歩く関が原
岩下四十雀

あらたまの虹かかりゐる関ケ原
鈴木恵美子

胴赤き蟻のさまよふ関ケ原
荒島禾生

古藁塚は伏兵霧の関ヶ原
柴田奈美

- source : haikureiku database -
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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #sekigahara - - - -
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Yayosugashi district

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. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
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Yayosugashi 八代洲河岸　 / やよすがし Yayosu Quay
Now in Chuo Ward. Yaesu 八重洲

Yayosu / Yeasu is named after the Dutch merchant from Holland,
Jan Joosten van Lodensteyn
ヤン・ヨーステン ファン・ローデンスタイン (1557 - 1623) / 耶揚子


source : rootsdiscovery/yaesu3

A map from 1865. The letters 「八代洲（やよす）川岸」 can be seen beside the gate 和田倉門前.
Jan Joosten presented Tokugawa Ieyasu with 24 lion cubs 虎の子.
In 1872 this area became 八重洲町 Yaesu and in 1929 part of Marunouchi 丸の内.
The district was named 中央区八重洲 in 1954.
Yaesu Avenue has a monument dedicated to Jan Joosten and his life after his arrival in Japan on the Liefde with William Adams.


. William Adams - Miura Anjin 三浦按針 .
(1564 - 1620)

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- quote
Nihonbashi, Yaesu-dōri / Chūō-dōri
Joosten was born in Delft 1556 and died in the South Chinese Sea 1623.


The monument is located in the middle of the Yaesu-dōri (= Jan Joosten Avenue) on the intersection with the Chūō-dōri (Chuo Avenue).

Bronze plaque with two rings, which are shaped as navigtational instruments. The left is dedicated to Jan Joosten van Lodensteyn, includes a copy of the Jan Joosten bust made by L. Braat, which is found a couple of hundred meters further in the Yaesu Shopping Mall. The right ring is dedicated to the ship De Liefde. Both halves contain a long explanation in Japanese and Dutch.



- source : vanderkrogt.net/statues

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- quote -
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn
(c. 1560 – 1623), or simply Jan Joosten, was a native of Delft and one of the first Dutchmen in Japan, arriving as one of William Adams's shipmates (the second mate) on the De Liefde, which was disabled on the coast of Kyūshū in 1600.
- - - - - Early life in Japan
The De Liefde departed Rotterdam in 1598, on a trading voyage and attempted a circumnavigation of the globe. It was wrecked in Japan in 1600. The 24 survivors were received by future Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, who questioned them at length on European politics and foreign affairs. As with William Adams, Joosten was selected to be a confidant of the Shogun on foreign and military affairs, and he contributed to the development of relations between the Netherlands and Japan, thereby weakening the influence of Portugal and Spain.

For his services, Jan Joosten was granted a house in Edo (now Tokyo) in a part of the city that came to be called "Yayosu Quay" after him — his name was pronounced yan yōsuten in Japanese (short: Yayōsu (耶楊子)) — and the name exists in the name of Yaesu side of Tokyo Station. Although not allowed to return to the Netherlands, Joosten was allowed to take a Japanese wife and was given a permit to engage in foreign trade. He was privileged to wear the two swords of the samurai and received an annual stipend which placed him (along with Adams) among the ranks of the hatamoto or direct retainers of the Shogun. Joosten was said to be a drunk with a choleric temperament, and at one point was not welcome at Ieyasu's court.



Joosten is reported to have made a fortune in trade between Japan and Southeast Asia, chartering several Red Seal Ships under license from Tokugawa Ieyasu.
After the establishment of the Dutch Factory in Hirado, he became a middleman between Dutch merchants and the Shogunate.
He is also said to have been to Siam on one of his ships, with the Japanese adventurer and author Tenjiku Tokubei. Later, he attempted to return to the Netherlands, but after reaching Batavia, he was denied permission by Dutch authorities to proceed further.
He drowned in the South China Sea in 1623 when his ship sank as he was returning to Japan.
- - - source : WIKIPEDIA


Tenjiku Tokubei 天竺徳兵衛 (1612 - c. 1692)
a Japanese adventurer and writer of the early 17th century. He traveled to Southeast and South Asia, hence his "Tenjiku" (Japanese: 天竺, East Asian name of "India") nickname.
He was born in Sendo-machi, Takasago-cho, in today's Hyōgo Prefecture in 1612. His father was a salt wholesaler.
At the age of fifteen, in 1626, Tokubei was hired by a trading company in Kyoto. He pursued commercial activities aboard Japanese Red Seal Ships.
In 1627, Tokubei visited China, Vietnam and Siam (modern Thailand) on board a Japanese Red Seal ship. He would stay for some time in Siam and again visit the country on board one of the ships of the Dutch adventurer Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn. He also sailed to India, to the source of the Ganges, and the country of Magadha, and returned with great wealth and numerous stories to tell.
Upon his return to Japan,
and after the introduction of the Seclusion policy (Sakoku), Tokubei wrote an essay titled "Tenjiku Tokai Monogatari" (天竺渡海物語, "Relations of sea travels to India") on his adventures in foreign countries, which became very popular in Japan.


彩入御伽草 Eiri Otogi Zôshi - Kabuki actor 尾上松助 Onoe Matsusuke
Utagawa Toyokuni 歌川豊国

- - - - - The Kabuki character ...
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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Utagawa Hiroshige (1797 - 1858)
Utagawa Hiroshige was born in 1797 in the Yayosugashi district of Edo, the son of Ando Genemon, a member of the fire-fighting brigade maintained by the Tokugawa Shogunate. At the time, Kitagawa Utamaro and Toshusai Sharaku were at their prime as ukiyo-e artists. Ukiyo-e, which means art of the floating world, refers to the impermanence of life and the enjoyment of pleasure free of mundane concerns. ...
After the death of his parents in 1809, Andō Tokutarō (Hiroshige) took over his father's place as a firefighter.
- source : bk.mufg.jp/global/newsroom -

江戸の八代洲河岸（やよすがし）定火消屋敷の同心、安藤源右衛門の子.
. Utagawa Hiroshige 歌川広重 .

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八重洲大路ふと秋風に出遇ひけり
Yaesu ooji futo akikaze ni deai keri

at Yaesu Road
I come to meet a bout
of autumn wind . . .
Tr. Gabi Greve

Sutoo Shooko 須藤省子 Suto Shoko (1923 - )


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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Persons and People of Edo - Personen .


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[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]- - - - - #yayosugashi #yaesu #JanJoosten - - - -
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Kojimachi district

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. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
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Koojimachi, Kōjimachi 麹町 / 麴町 Kojimachi district
. Chiyoda ku 千代田区 Chiyoda ward - "Fields of Eternity" .



Many shops who made and sold Koji for Japanese food lived in this area, hence the name.
For example 麹屋三四郎 Kojiya Sanshiro.



Another explanation links the name to the beginning of the road to Koshu, Koofuji　国府路 Kofuji, pronounced fast as Koji and soon written with the character 麹.

. kooji 麹 Japanese yeast .
with Aspergillus oryzae or A. sojae
To make soy sauce, miso paste, rice wine and other types of Japanese food and drink.


During the Edo period, many wholesalers lived here, also carpenters and wall plasterers and many merchants which delivered to the Bakufu government　(goyootashi 御用達) and Edo castle.
okuishi 奥医師 　Doctors who attended to the Tokugawa concubines of Ooku 大奥 also lived here.

Kojimachi is a long district with many sub-districts, the third one, Sanbancho often simply called "Bancho", where many Hatamoto retainers lived. They had a special area for horse training, 騎射調練馬場.


source : ameblo.jp/tkyburabura

Since 1865, the second and third sons of 旗本 Hatamoto came here, placed 焙烙 Horoku earthen plates on their head and tried to hit them down while riding in two fighting groups. ほうろく調練場.

Now it is a very expensive area with luxury appartment houses.

麹町 … 宮城(皇居)とその周辺地域

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- quote -
A neighborhood in Chiyoda, Tokyo.
Prior to the arrival of Tokugawa Ieyasu, it was known as Kōjimura (糀村 Kojimura). The area developed as townspeople settled along the 甲州街道　Kōshū Kaidō. In 1878 Kōjimachi became a ward in the city of Tokyo. It was the forerunner of Chiyoda which is now a special ward.

The Kōjimachi ward was larger than past day Kōjimachi. The area centered upon Kōjimachi including the districts of the Banchō (番町 Bancho) area, Kudanminami, Kioichō, Hirakawachō and Hayabusachō is sometimes referred as the Kojimachi area (麹町地区).
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


. Edo Nana Fushigi 江戸七不思議 The Seven Wonders of Edo　 .
番町七不思議 Banchoo Nana Fushigi

. Hayabusachoo, Hayabusachō 隼町 Hayabusacho district . - Chiyoda

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Kojimachi Shimizudani 麹町清水谷
- quote -
Shimizudani Park, famous for cherry blossom and autumn foliage viewing,

During the Edo period (1603-1868),
the area was known as the Shimizudani valley because the Kishu Tokugawa, Owari Tokugawa, and Ii families had residences here, and fresh water would gush out from between the Kishu and Ii homes.
This is reproduced in the 心字池 Shinji-ike pond found there today.
In 1878, after the Meiji Restoration, Okubo Toshimichi, one of the three great nobles of the Restoration, was on his way to the Imperial Palace in Akasaka when the Kioizaka Incident, in which he was assassinated by Shimada Ichiro, a samurai from Ishikawa Prefecture, broke out here. This incident shocked the world at the time, and a monument to Okubo Toshimichi was erected at the site, which later became Shimizudani Park.
Later, in 1890,
the land in the area was donated to the city of Tokyo, and as part of the city's urban planning strategy, the park was opened as the Shimizudani Park. In 1956, the park became a metropolitan park, and in 1965, it was transferred to the Chiyoda City, where it remains today.
Incidentally, Hotel New Otani Tokyo now stands on the site of the Ii family's former residence, and the Tokyo Garden Terrace Kioicho and the Sophia University campus stand on the site of the Kishu Tokugawa family's residence and the Owari Tokugawa family's residence respectively.
Shimizudani Park is also characterized by its seasonal scenery.
In spring, the Somei Yoshino and weeping cherry trees bloom, and the avenue of double-flowered cherry trees facing the park turns the area peach-colored. In the fall, the leaves of the trees and ginkgo trees begin to change color, giving visitors a sense of the changing of the seasons.
- source : visit-chiyoda.tokyo -

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. 麹町地区 Kojimachi and other sub-districts in Chiyoda .
List of sub-districts featured in the Edopedia

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Soto sakurada benkeibori kojimachi Kojimachi and the Benkei Canal at Soto Sakurada
by Hiroshige 広重 - 糀町一丁目山王祭ねり込 Sanno Festival at Kojimachi I-chome


- quote -
Kojimachi and Bancho - an old samurai residential area
The Kojimachi and Bancho areas stretch from Hanzomon Station to the east of the Kokyo (Imperial Palace), towards Shinjuku. The area was formerly used as a residential area for Edo Period samurai but in the early 21st century the area is significantly different to that found here in earlier times.
The Kokuritsu Gekijo (National Theatre of Japan), Japan's only classical art theater stands near Hanzomon Station today. The building was designed to imitate the Azekura-zukuri (Azekura style) of Todaiji Temple near Nara and its splendid atmosphere embodies the beauty of Japanese tradition. Offering Kabuki in the 'Large Theater,' Hogaku (traditional Japanese music), Gagaku, and Bunraku (a form of Japanese puppet show) in the 'Small Theater,' and Rakugo (a traditional Japanese sit-down comedy), Manzai (a Japanese stand-up comedy), and Kodan (storytelling) in the Engeijo (Engei Hall), it has something for everyone. In addition, tours can be taken of its exhibition room: THE best place to know about Japanese traditional performing arts.
- 'Bancho.' Its name originates from the fact that 'Bankata' soldiers used to live here. ('Bankata' soldiers consisted of Hatamoto who served under the direct control of the ruling Shogun.)
... Chidorigafuchi 千鳥ケ淵 moat "Plover Moat" ... Uchibori-Dori ...
... Walking around Kojimachi and Yotsuya, you will often feel the mood of the old Edo Period. The coexistence of modern buildings alongside their older counterparts. Fashionable shops in a quiet residential area sat amidst historical monuments being an example. It is a fun area to walk around and to browse through shops that catch your eye. Or, for the more historically inclined, it is another interesting area of the capital in which to tour historical sites and to glimpse Japanese history.
- source : att-japan.net/en -

- quote -
Chidorigafuchi Moat
The name of this moat northwest of the Imperial Palace, Chidorigafuchi, is said to come from its unusual shape. The structure of the walls resembles plovers, called chidori in Japanese.
From around the end of March to early April, the walkways around the moat are tinted pink by hundreds of cherry trees. The Chiyoda Sakura Festival is held at the same time, so for the duration of the cherry blossom season the trees are lit up at night. This magical sight draws Tokyoites and visitors alike. Enjoy an evening walk under the glowing tunnel of flowers.
- source : japan.travel/en... -
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The Banchō area (actually consisting of six neighborhoods, from Ichibancho to Rokubanchō),
an upper class residential area, home of the embassies of Belgium, the UK and Israel.
Ichibancho 一番町 First district
Nibancho 二番町 Second
Sanbancho 三番町 Third
Yonbancho 四番町 Fourth
Gobancho 五番町 Fifth
Rokubancho 六番町 Sixth district

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In Edo, meat was offered at the market of Kojimachi 麹町.
chiku 畜 referred to four-legged animals that should not be eaten by Buddhists and kin 禽 referred two-legged animals, birds to be eaten.

momonji referes to the meat of wild animals, like wild boar, deer, monkeys or Tanuki badgers and even dogs. (Dog meat was a favorite with the samurai of the Satsuma domain 薩摩.
The first momonjiya shop in Edo was most probably the Kooshuuya　甲州屋 Koshuya in Koojimachi　麹町 Kojimachi.
Yamaokuya 山奥屋 offered wild boar and monkey meat.

. momonjiya ももんじ屋 / 百獣屋　 selling meat "from one-hundred wild animals" .
kedamonoya　獣屋 dealers in wild animals
yamaokuya 山奥屋　dealers with stuff from the far-away mountains
kusuriguiho　薬食舗　restaurant serving "medicine" meat



麹町狐を馬に乗せてくる
koojimachi kitsune o uma ni nosete kuru

Kojimachi town -
a fox comes riding
on a horse

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

haifuri tanuki 灰降狸 the ash-throwing Tanuki


source : plala.or.jp/cotton-candy

In the year 1854 in the 6th lunar month there was constantly ashes raining down to the ground of the 平河天満宮 Hirakawa Tenjin Shrine in 麹町 Kojimachi.
People thought it was the malicious deed of a Tanuki badger.

Another legend tells of stones raining from the sky near the back entrance of the Shrine, sometimes 50 to 60 during day and night. They were rather large stones with moss on them. Some looked like pieces of roof tiles. But they never hurt any person.
When someone collected the stones in one place during a day, they were all gone after the next night was over.

On a stormy night, it rained hairs of an animal in Kojimachi. Since people there used to eat meat of animals, even horses, it might have been the hair of the 天馬 "heavenly horse" mentioned in the sutra 山海経 Sengai Kyo.

. 江戸 Edo - 妖怪 Yokai monsters, 幽霊 Yurei ghosts .

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. Kappa 河童 water goblin .
In 1785, 麹町飴屋 a sweet shop in Kojimachi, every evening there came a child, begging for a sweet. one evening the shop owner followed the child and saw it disappear in the canal. Now he knew this must have been a Kappa.
A few days later, the child came back again, got his sweet and paid for it. That was the last time the Kappa showed up.

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三年坂 Sannenzaka / Sannen-zaka
In the middle of Sannenzaka there is a bake-yashiki 化け物屋 / bakemono yashiki 化物屋しき Monster House.
if a couple walks here late at night, the face of the woman might begin to get longer or smaller and become quite horrifying.
The light in the room goes on and off and a woman lying down being ill suddenly goes up to do some cleaning and then disappears on the spot.

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Sara yashiki 皿屋敷 "the Dish Mansion"
This is a famous story centering around an old well in Kojimachi or Bancho 番町皿屋敷. More legends about this story relate to a well in Izumo, Harima and other regions.

A Japanese ghost story of broken trust and broken promises, leading to a dismal fate of "O-Kiku and the Nine Plates"
. Sara yashiki　皿屋敷 "the Dish Mansion" .

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kai-i 怪異 something strange
Dote Yonbancho 土手四番町

In March, a man living in Yonbancho was suddenly able to float things in the air, like his dinner tray, tobacco tray or even a stone mortar.
Some said it was a curse of a mountain priest or an 陰陽師 Onmyoji or even the Kami and Buddhas themselves and performed exorcistic rituals, to no avail. Some said it was a forebode that his family would perish. Some said something similar had happened to a man in 目黒 Meguro, but that was not true. Eventually he had to dismiss four of his workers and the strange thing stopped.

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shari 舎利 sacred bones of Buddha
Once there lived a man in Kojimachi, who did not believe in the Laws of Buddha 仏法.
But one day a sacred bone of Buddha came out of his forehead.

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -

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- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -



source : yasuda.iobb.net/wp-googleearth_e

麹町　壱丁目 Kojimachi First District
「江戸名所図会」 - - 山王祭 Sanno Festival
絵左の天水桶に描かれる屋号が岩に見えるので、岩城枡屋前

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麹町十三丁目まで祭かな
koojimachi juusanchoome made matsuri kana

until the thirteenth district
of Kojimachi
its festival time . . .
Tr. Gabi Greve

Nomura Kishuu 野村喜舟 Nomura Kishu (1886 - 1983)


. WKD : matsuri 祭り festival .
- - kigo for all summer - -

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炎天や麹町なし水巴なし
enten ya koojimachi nashi suiha nashi

this blazing sky -
no more Kojimachi
no more Suiha

Saitoo Kuuge 斎藤空華 Saito Kuge (1918 - 1950)


Watanabe Suiha 渡辺水巴 (1882 - 1946) Haiku Poet
Suiha ki 水巴忌 Suiha memorial day (August 8)
- reference -

. WKD : enten 炎天 blazing sky .
- - kigo for all summer - -

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. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


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- - - - - ##kojimachi ##koojimachi #bancho #shimizudani - - - -
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kekkon marriage

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .
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kekkon　結婚 konrei　婚礼 marriage in Edo
and engiri, en kiri 縁切り　to cut a bond - divorce . 　

under construction
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- quote
Love and Marriage
Among the textbooks that were commonly used during the Edo Period are a number of editions offering instruction on letter writing. One of them specifically addressed the art of composing love letters. As evidenced by the large number of such letters that have been found, moreover, one can surmised that written correspondence between lovers was a common practice.



Monogyny was the rule for both samurai aristocrats and commoners in the Edo period. Marriage partners were usually sought from families with similar social rank, and the consent of domainal and shogunal authorities were required for marriages involving samurai households. Wedding a partner of one's desire was rare, therefore, since the choice of spouse was made in accordance with the will and judgment of the parents. Cases of double suicide among young lovers were not uncommon when they found their parents' decisions unacceptable.

Those from low-ranking farming households that were less preoccupied with social status were freer to choose their own mates. Often, they met potential partners at local village festivals.

Tying the Knot
Marriage was a more formalized affair for higher-ranking farming households, though. Parents usually asked relatives and others with a broad network of acquaintances to find suitable marriage candidates. The family background of such candidates was checked, and if both families found the arrangement agreeable, a meeting was set up.

If both sides agreed to proceed with the marriage, an engagement ceremony was held, mediated by a village elder. On the day of the marriage, the groom visited the house of the bride, from where the couple, along with their parents and attendants, marched to the groom's house. The wedding ceremony was held at night, and the bride was introduced to members of the groom's village.

Marriage was even more complicated for leading aristocratic houses. A written request had to be submitted to the shogunal government, and newly married couples were required to visit Edo Castle to formally announce their wedlock.

The age of first marriage for women was much younger than it is today, although it rose toward the end of the Edo period. This was because girls began serving for a number of years as housemaids for aristocratic families and large landowners. Men who were employed business establishments were not allowed to marry until they were able to support a family, so their average age of first marriage over 40.

Divorces were fairly common, as were second, third, and even fourth marriages. Although it has been supposed that only the male had the right to demand a divorce, quite often divorce proceedings were initiated by the wife, and the cause of divorce was quite frequently the wife's involvement in an affair or her running away from home. In cases where discussions fail to produce an amicable divorce, women had a last-resort choice of seeking refuge in one of two temples in the country; after three years in the temple, the husband was unconditionally required to issue a letter of divorce.
- source : web-japan.org/tokyo/know/marriage / Hisako Hata

Introductory Meeting (Miai 見合い) the Carriage of the Virtuous Woman (Konrei nishiki misao-guruma 婚礼錦貞女車) - source : nhk.jp... -

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Japanese Weddings in the Edo Period (1615–1868)
Essay
daimyô wedding.
Konrei-dôgu shokikei sunpô-sho (Wedding Trousseau Items Size Manual)
- source : metmuseum.org- - Monika Bincsik

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Samurai's marriage in Edo Period
The wedding was called Koshi-ire (輿入れ).
Tokoiri (床入り), the first night the new couple goes to bed together.
- source : iromegane.com/japan/culture -

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. nakoodo isha　仲人医者　doctors as matchmakers for marriage .
keian　慶庵 / 桂庵 Keian matchmaker
Named after the famous matchmacer-doctor Yamato Keian 大和慶庵 (around 1653).

A 仲人 Nakodo go-between was necessary for a regular marriage in Edo.

miai 見合い, "matchmaking", lit. "looking at one another"
omiai, o-miai お見合い

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. Tookeiji 東慶寺 Tokei-Ji - Kamakura .

A nunnery that was a refuge for women who wanted to divorce their husbands.

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. Enkiri, engiri 縁切り　to cut a bond - divorce . 　

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


- reference : nichibun yokai database -
kekkon 結婚 100
konrei 婚礼 66
koshi-ire 輿入れ 02

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. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .


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shuppansha publishing

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shuppansha 出版社 publishing company, book publisher

There are various articles about books, publishing and famous publishers in the Edopedia.
This page will be updated regularly.



Edo no honyasan 江戸の本屋さん Book stores in Edo
今田洋三 Imada Yozo

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. akahon 赤本　red book .

bukan 武鑑 regional records of Samurai history
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

Edo annai 江戸案内 guidebook of Edo

Edo machi kan, Edomachikan 江戸町鑑 records of districts in Edo
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

. Edo Meisho Zue 江戸名所図会, “Guide to famous Edo sites” .
Edo Meisho Hanagoyomi 江戸名所花暦 Flower Calendar of Famous Places in Edo

Eijudō 永寿堂 Eijudo publishing house
founded by Nishimurya Yohachi 西村屋与八
family name Hibino 日比野; in operation from ca. 1751 to 1860, in Edo, Nihonbashi Bakurochō 日本橋馬喰町

. ezooshi 絵草子 illustrated book or magazine .
「絵草子屋」 ezooshiya store
Ezoushi - Also written 絵双紙.
otogizooshi 御伽草子 popular tales
ukiyo zooshi 浮世草子 Ukiyo-zoshi - books about the floating world

. kashihonya, kashihon'ya 貸本屋 booklender, booklender
furuhonya, furu-honya 古本屋 selling old books .

. kawaraban　瓦版 Edo newspaper, handbill, broadside .
news broadsheet, lit. "tile-block printing" / yomiuri 読売、lit. "to read and sell"
Japanese newspapers (新聞 "shinbun")

mitate banzuke 見立番付 ranking of famous people or things

Shinpan mitate tsukemono zukushi Composite Make-Believe Objects by Ayasono

. kibyooshi 黄表紙 Kibyoshi, "yellow book covers" .

kokkeibon 滑稽本 humorous story books

. saiken　細見 "guide book" / Yoshiwara saiken 吉原細見 .
shibai saiken 芝居細見 guide book for theaters and actors
horizontal format (yokobon 横本), vertical format (tatebon 竪本)

. seihonshi 製本師　bookbinder - Buchbinder
seihonya 製本屋　- seihon gyoosha 製本業者 .
seihon ginooshi 製本技能士
seihon 製本 bookbinding - seihonjo 製本所 bookbinding factory, bookbindery, Buchbinderei
wasoobon, wasoohon 和装本 Japanese book making / wahon 和本 Japanese Book

. shunga 春画 "spring pictures" erotic pictures .

. Teikin Oorai, Teikin ōrai 庭訓往来 textbooks .
Kakimori Bunko 柿衛文庫 .

. Tsuruya Kiemon 鶴屋喜右衛門 Publisher 仙鶴堂 Senkakudo, Edo .

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Tsutaya Juuzaguroo, Tsutaya Jūzaburō 蔦屋重三郎 Tsutaya Jusaburo (1750 - 1797)
see below

. ukiyo-e shi　浮世絵師　Ukiyo-e producer .
ukiyo-e, lit. pictures of the floating world. Paintings and woodblock prints.
planned by the publisher hanmoto 版元 and produced in collaboration with the painter/designer eshi 絵師, carver horishi 彫師 and printer surishi 摺師.

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CLICK for more Japanese books !

出版文化と江戸の教養

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- - - - - common sizes of books

masugata-bon 枡形本　square book
mutsuhan-bon 六半本　sixth-size books
yokonaga-bon 横長本　"wider-than-high” books
yatsuhan-bon 八半本"eighth-sized” books
yotsuhan-bon 四半本　quarter-size books
and
大判　oversized books　

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Tsutaya Juuzaburoo, Tsutaya Jūzaburō 蔦屋重三郎 Tsutaya Jusaburo (1750 - 1797)

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. . . the founder and head of the Tsutaya publishing house in Edo, Japan, and produced illustrated books and ukiyo-e woodblock prints of many of the period's most famous artists. Tsutaya's is the best-remembered name of all ukiyo-e publishers. He is also known as Tsuta-Jū and Jūzaburō I.



Tsutaya set up his shop in 1774 and began by publishing guides to the Yoshiwara pleasure quarters.

- MORE in the wikipedia -



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the Book in Japan:
A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century
by Peter F. Kornicki (Author)

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- quote -
Printing and Publishing
Pre-Modern Printing
- - - - - Tokugawa Period
..... Roughly 300 titles were produced in the 1590s-1630s using moveable type, .....
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The earliest publishing houses emerged in Kyoto around 1600; simply called hon'ya (bookstores) they engaged in both printing/publishing and retail, and numbered over a hundred by the 1630s.
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Over the course of the entire Edo period, an estimated 3,757 publishing/bookstore operations were established in Japan, 1,530 of which went out of business before the end of the period.
- - - - - Process
Publishers would often initiate projects, deciding on themes and hiring illustrators or print designers. The illustrators would then submit their designs to the publisher, who would then take over much of the remainder of the process.
- hangiya (板木屋, block-carver)
- copyist or hanshitagaki (版下書)
- nishiki-e and surimono　摺物
- the verb 上梓 (jôshi), meaning "to print" or "to publish."
- woodblocks, known as zôhan (蔵版)
- - - - - Paper
- hemp (mashi 麻紙) - kôzo (楮) - Bamboo paper (tôshi 唐紙 or gasenshi 画箋紙)
- - - - - Pigments
- hide-glue called nikawa
Sumi - the same black ink used for painting and calligraphy was used for printing blacks and greys.
White pigments made from seashell (gofun) or lead oxide (enpaku)
Dayflower blue (tsuyukusa) - a light blue hue which reacts easily to moisture, turning yellow.
Prussian blue - the first chemical/artificial pigment developed in the world (i.e. deriving directly from neither vegetable or mineral sources); first used in Japan in 1829; a deep, rich blue that does not fade or discolor.
Beni (safflower red), used to produce various shades of red, pink, orange, and yellow.
Purples obtained by mixing dayflower blue with safflower red, or by other means.

- reference source : wiki.samurai-archives.com/index -
(very extensive reference !)

The Private World of Surimono

Japanese Prints from the Virginia Shawan Drosten and Patrick Kenadjian Collection
Yale University Press, 2020
Sadako Ohki with Adam Haliburto

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Japanese books
Books in Japan (和本, wahon or 和装本, wasouhon) have a long history, which begins in the late 8th century AD. The majority of books were hand-copied until the Edo period (1603–1867), when woodblock printing became comparatively affordable and widespread. Movable-type printing had been used from the late 16th century, but for various aesthetic and practical reasons woodblock printing and hand-copied remained dominant until much later. Japanese equivalents for "book" include 本 (hon) and 書籍 (shoseki). The former term indicates only bound books, and does not include scrolls. The latter is used for printed matter only. The most general term is 書物 (shomotsu), which means all written or printed matter that has been collected into a single unit, regardless of construction.
1 Book composition
1.1 Binding methods
1.1.1 Pre-binding books
1.1.2 Bound books
2 Printing history
2.1 Nara Period
2.2 Heian and Kamakura Periods
2.3 Muromachi Period
2.4 The early-modern printing revolution
2.5 Meiji Period and beyond
- reference : wikipedia -

江戸時代の出版
- reference : wikipedia -

. besutoseraa ベストセラー bestseller authors - list .

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. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

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