Edo - the EDOPEDIA -

6/03/2018

Suginami ward

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
. Persons and People of Edo - Personen .
- - - - 松庵村 Shoan village, 高井戸村 Takaido village, see below
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Suginami 杉並区 Suginami ward

- quote
"Cedars Avenue"
The ward refers to itself as Suginami City in English.
- The name Suginami dates back to the early Edo period and is a shortened version of Suginamiki ("avenue of cedars”). This name came about when an early land baron, Lord Tadayoshi Okabe, planted a row of cedar trees to mark the bounds of his property.
The ward was founded on March 15, 1947.
- - - - - The following neighborhoods make up Suginami-ku.
. Amanuma district 天沼 "heavenly swamp" . Hon-Amanuma
. Asagaya district 阿佐ヶ谷 / 阿佐谷 .
- Asagaya 阿佐ヶ谷村, Asagaya-Kita, Asagaya-Minami
Eifuku 永福寺村
Hamadayama
Hōnan
. Horinouchi 堀之内 / 堀ノ内 Horinouchi district .
. Igusa 井草村 Igusa village . - Kami-Igusa, Shimo-Igusa
Imagawa
. Iogi 井荻 Iogi district .
Izumi
. Kooenji, Kōenji 高円寺 Koen-Ji district .
. Kugayama 久我山 Kugayama district .
Matsunoki
Miyamae
Momoi
Narita-Higashi . Narita-Nishi
. Ogikubo 荻窪 Ogikubo district .
. Ōmiya, Oomiya 大宮 Omiya . - Omiya Hachiman Shrine 大宮八幡宮
Shimizu
Shōan
Takaido mura
Umezato
Wada
Zenpukuji, Suginami

幕府領幕府領 12村 ●中野村、高円寺村、馬橋村、久我山村、上高井戸村、下高井戸村、中高井戸村、田端村、成宗村、本郷新田、和泉新田（和泉村のうち）、大宮前新田、松庵村
旗本領 7村 ●上鷺之宮村、和泉村、上高田村、片山村、●和田村、●上井草村、●下井草村
幕府領、旗本領 8村江古田村、雑色村、●永福寺村、●上荻窪村、新井村、下鷺之宮村、上沼袋村、下沼袋村
鉄砲玉薬組同心給地 1村 ●本郷村
その他寺社領 4村下荻窪村、天沼村、阿佐ヶ谷村、堀之内村
- source : wikipedia

. Suginami tezuma 手妻, wazuma 和妻 traditional magician .
藤山新太郎　Shintaro Fujiyama

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. 88 文殊院（杉並区和泉4-18-17））Monju-In (Suginami, Izumi) .
Gofunai 御府内八十八ヶ所霊場 88 Henro Temples in Edo

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Shooanmura 松庵村 Shoan village
杉並区松庵 Suginami ward 松庵一丁目から松庵三丁目 from the first to the third sub-district
In the South-West of Suginami ward.

The river 松庵川 Shoangawa used to pass through the village. Now it is put under ground.

The wilderness was developed for farming in the Edo period by
荻野松庵 doctor Ogino Shoan. He died in 1665.
He was probably also the head priest of the temple 円光寺 Enko-Ji.
The region was first called 松庵新田 Shoan Shinden. Around 1716, it was named Shoan Mura.
In 1889, it became 高井戸村 Takaido mura.
In 1932, it was divided into North Shoan 松庵北町 and South Shoan 松庵南町.
In 1969, the first and second sub-district of Takaido were finally named Shoan first to third sub-district.

......................................................................

西高井戸松庵稲荷神社　Nishi-Takai Shoan Inari Jinja

- Deity in residence
受持命 Ukemochi no Mikoto

It was a shrine in the precincts of temple Enko-Ji, where Ogino Shoan was active.
Shoan is venerated in this shrine as protector deity of the area. His grave is in the North of the Shrine, where the temple Enko-Ji used to be before shrine and temple had to be separated in the Meiji period.
There are two memorial towers in the precinct, one with the inscription
武州野方領松庵新田

To the left of the torii 鳥居 entrance gate there is another small shrine venerating 狐のミイラ the mummy of a fox.

On an artificial hill beside the temple Enko-Ji there was a hole where a mother fox brought up her children.
When the temple had to be removed, the hill was also destroyed and the foxes had to go. Mother fox was so frustrated and sad, she bit off her front legs and died under the veranda of the temple.
The mummy shows a mother fox with her mouth biting the front legs. But it is not shown any more. There are countless small statues of the Inari fox in front of the sanctuary.

.......................................................................

Takaido mura 高井戸村 Takaido village
Kami-Takaido 上高井戸村, Shimo-Takaido 下高井戸, Takaido-Higashi 高井戸東, Takaido-Nishi 高井戸西

See above, Shoan village.
In 1889, it became 高井戸村 Takaido mura.

. Kōshū Kaidō 甲州街道 Koshu Kaido Highway .
The main highway from Nihonbashi to Kofu.
Takaido mura was the first inofficial station 高井戸宿　Takaido shuku. It was divided in an upper (Kami) and lower (Shimo) part.
Kami-Takaido was allowed to operate on the first 15 days of a lunar month, Shimo-Takaido on the last 15 days of a lunar month. The postal station provides porters and pack horses, but it was not a very busy station, since few Daimyo had to pass here.

高井戸, takai ido "high well"
The original name refers to
takai o-doo　高いお堂 a high Temple hall, Hall on high ground
soon written 高井堂.
The temple was 宗源寺 Sogen-ji. It had a Hall for Fudo Myo-O 不動堂 at the sub-temple 本覚院 Hongaku-In, which was located on a high plateau, hence the name.

source : tesshow.jp/suginami/temple...

How is the relation to the well?
In 1486, a guide book by priest 道興准后　Doko Jugo (1430 - 1527) walking in the area mentions a pond
horikane no i ほりかねの井 / 堀兼の井 / 堀兼之井 / 堀難之井 , which is now called Takaido.

the well at Horigane, Sayama, Saitama Prefecture

Doko Jugo wrote a waka poem at the well, which had been dried out by the time he visited Musashino:

おもかげぞかたるに残る武蔵野や
堀兼の井に水はなけれど

Horikane no I Well was also written Horigata-i 堀難井, "hard to dig well”.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Suginami 杉並区　
.......................................................................
boorei 亡霊 ghost
Once a man buried a man without family, named たきさん Taki san.
When he came back home, a man stood in front of his house and opened the door for him. Looking closer, it was the man he had just buried. But do not fear, Taki san had only come to express his gratitude, thanked the man and then vanished.

.......................................................................
katame no sakana 片目の魚 fish with one eye
In front of the main hall of the temple 医王寺 Io-Ji there is a pond where fish are let free - but they soon become fish with only one eye.
They are maybe buna 鮒 fish of Yakushi Nyorai.

. buna densetsu 鮒伝説　crucian carp legends .

.......................................................................
薬缶坂 The monster from Yakanzaka
It used to prevent people from passing this slope. When a person stopped walking, the Yakan also stopped walking. Then the Yakan would stand up on its hind legs and dance.
The Yakan was often seen on rainy nights.

Yakanzaka 薬缶坂 Yakan slope

. yakan 野干 a monster beast from ancient China .
probably ジャッカル jakkaru, jackal, or maybe a fox 狐.
In Miyagi there is a slope called やかん坂 Yakanzaka. Also spelled 薬缶 or 野狐。

..............................................................................................................................................

- reference : nichibun yokai database -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

6/02/2018

Minowa district

The area used to stick out like a nose into the sea. It was called
mizu no wa 水の輪 ring of water or mizu no hana 水の鼻 nose in the water.
The pronunciation has then changed to Minowa.
It was a kind of plain, 三ノ輪原 Minowahara.

During the Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 most of the city of Edo burned down, including the pleasure district. The new pleasure district, Yoshiwara 吉原, was close to Asakusa and thus to Minowa

Even before the Edo period, this was a sort of highway station on the way to the North.
. Ōshū Kaidō 奥州街道 Oshu Kaido Highway .
connecting Edo with the Mutsu Province in Tohoku.
Just before leaving Edo, after crossing the 三ノ輪橋 Minowabashi bridge there were the new pleasure quarters.
The old bridge was demolished in 1926.

. Yoshiwara 葦原 /　吉原　pleasure quarters in Edo .

. Negishi 根岸 Negishi district - Taito ward .

Nihonzutsumi よし原日本堤 Nihon Embankment at Yoshiwara
Utagawa Hiroshige (Nihon tsutsumi)

..............................................................................................................................................

Meisho Edo hyakkei - Minowa, Mikawashima
名所江戸百景［箕輪　金杉　三河しま］/ 蓑輪金杉三河しま
歌川広重初代 Utagawa Hiroshige 1

- quote
Mikawashima (present-day Higashi-Nippori in Arakawa Ward) was a place
where "tsuru" (cranes) flew to during the Edo period,
and people fed them in November every year after surronding them with a bamboo fence.
This was also one of the hunting areas of "Tsuru no Onari"
where the Shogun himself would hunt the cranes with falcons and offered them to the court.
- source : Tokyo Metropolitan Library

- quote
Minowa
Huge villas and gardens of feudal lords who served the Shogun were located here during the Edo period. As painted in ukiyo-e, the farming villages of Minowa and Kanasugi as well as Mikawashima were sites for the Shogun’s hawk hunting.
In 1913, a tram that would be the present-day Toden Arakawa line started its operation to the town of Oji. Adjacent to tram terminal, on the site where 石川屋敷跡 Lord Ishikawa’s villa had been, a new shopping district was built. The area is still a popular shopping district named ジョイフル三の輪商店街 Joyful-Minowa. Locals still call here “the new district.” Here you can buy foods like tempura, dumplings, and メンチカツ menchi-katsu (a breaded, deep-fried meat patty) just as busy Japanese mothers have done since the good old days.
- source : National Diet Library

ジョイフル三の輪

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Minowa Station 三ノ輪駅 Minowa-eki
is a subway station in Taitō, Tokyo, Japan, operated by Tokyo Metro. It is close to Minowabashi Station on the Tokyo Sakura Tram.

夜桜を見て横丁の三ノ輪線
yozakura o mite yokochoo no Minowa sen

viewing night cherry blossoms
and then into the back roads
along the Minowa line

両角玲子 Morozumi Reiko

Minowabashi Station Terminus 三ノ輪橋停留場 Minowabashi teiryūjō
is a station on the Tokyo Sakura Tram. This is the terminus of the line. It is close to Minowa Station on the Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　西多摩郡　Nishi-Tama district
箕輪村 Minowa village

shirogitsune 白狐 white fox
There is an old family in Minowa. They tell a tale of a white fox who fell into the well and died on the first day of the New Year.
Since then the family had misfortunes and lost all their wealth.

. kitsune densetsu 狐　伝説 fox legends .

.......................................................................

migawari Kannon 身代り観音 Kannon as a substitute
As the belief in Asakusa Kannon spread, a man was walking along the Nihonzutsumi embankment when a robber stabbed him. All his money was stolen, but he did not get any wounds. This happened in 1806.

. Asakusa Kannon densetsu 浅草観音伝説 Legends from Asakusa Kannon Temple .

..............................................................................................................................................

- reference : nichibun yokai database -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

かたよりて右は箕輪の若葉哉
katayorite migi wa Minowa no wakaba kana

. Masaoka Shiki 正岡子規 .

.......................................................................

朝顔や三ノ輪の猫のこぎれいに
asagao ya Minowa no neko no kogirei ni

大木あまり Ooki Amari (1941 - )

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

6/01/2018

kofun burial mound

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

kofun 古墳 burial mounds in Tokyo

. kofun jidai 古墳時代 burial mound period - 250 to 538 .
- Introduction and legends -

There are more than 200 burial mounds in Tokyo.

- collecting -
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Adachi ku 足立区 Adachi ward .
Takenotsuka, Takenozuka 竹の塚 / 竹ノ塚 Takenotsuka mound
白旗塚史跡公園 Shirahatatsuka Shiseki Park - Shirahatazuka Historical Site / White Flag Mound

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Kamikoiwa Iseki 上小岩遺跡 Kami-Koiwa . Edogawa ward

..............................................................................................................................................

Musashi Fuchu Kumano Jinja Kofun　武蔵府中熊野神社古墳
2-9 Nishi-Fuchu, Fuchu city

- quote -
The tomb mound consists of two lower stages in square shape in plan view and of a single upper stage in circular shape; thus the type is called jo-en kahofun (tomb mound with circular mound on upper stage and rectangular mound on lower stage). As per size, the lowest mound is ca. 32 m on side, the second mound ca. 23 m on side and the uppermost mound has a diameter of ca. 16 m. The structure for funeral is so-called stone chamber with a horizontal hole, which was built by lining cut stones. The total length is ca. 8.8 m, and the structure consists of 3 chambers.
Almost no relics
were excavated due to grave robbing and others, but a metal tip attached to a sword casing was excavated. The metal tip is decorated with silver Damascening.
The construction of the tomb mound
supposedly dates back to the middle to the latter half of the 7th century, on the ground of the shape of the stone chamber and characteristics of the metal tip.
There are four tomb mounds
with circular mound on upper stage and rectangular mound on lower stage which are identified in investigations. And it is said that the mound is likely to be the biggest and oldest one among the four mounds. Moreover, since the tomb mound is one of the largest ones in Musashi area of this period and it has a large-sized stone chamber, it is likely that the buried person was one of the most powerful chieftain in Musashi. Another interesting subject will be a link to Musashi Kokufu (Provincial Office of Musashi Province) and Tosando Musashimichi (Musashimichi branch of the Tosando main road), which were constructed immediately later.
- source : syougai.metro.tokyo.jp/bunkazai... -

..............................................................................................................................................

Ootsuka 大塚 Otsuka "big mound"
It used to be a farming region in Koishikawa village.
The name refers to an area of flat fields, in the middle of them was a large mound, a 古墳 Kofun.

. Koishikawa 小石川 - Bunkyo ward .

..............................................................................................................................................

Shiba Maruyama Kofun　芝丸山古墳
4-10-17, Shibakoen, Minato ward, Tokyo

- quote
Shiba Maruyama Kofun is a tumulus that is a 106-meter-long zenpo-koen-fun (a keyhole-shaped mound).
It is said to be the largest tumulus in Tokyo with the circular part at 64 meters in diameter, the square part at 40 meters in width at the front, and the narrowest part between the circular and square parts at 22 meters. It is located on the hill at a height of 16 meters above sea level with its frontal part facing south-southwest. Its original shape has been significantly damaged; particularly, the top and the back circular parts have been scraped off. When Japanese archeologists investigated the tumulus in 1898, the main part (the burial facility), thought to have been at the center of the back circular part, was already lost. The corpse and its accompanying burial goods were also missing. From the shape of the frontal part, which is lower and narrower, as well as the condition of the site, it is estimated to have been built in the 5th century. It was designated as an Important Historical Property of Tokyo in 1979. It is within walking distance from both the Toei Subway Mita Line Shiba-koen Station and the JR (Japan Railways) Yamanote Line Hamamatsucho Station.
- source : livejapan.com/en...

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

5/31/2018

Azabu district

source : jin3.jp/juban/history...
①一の橋 ②二の橋 ③古川 ④善福寺 ⑤仙台坂（仙台藩屋敷） ⑥がま池 ⑦有栖川宮記念公園
⑧一本松 ⑨南山小学校 ⑩毛利家 ⑪六本木 ⑫広尾 ⑬四の橋 ⑭狸穴 Mamiana
麻布十番の歴史 History of Asabu Juban

- quote
Azabu is an area within Minato ward in Tokyo, Japan, built on a marshy area of foothills south of central Tokyo. Its coverage roughly corresponds to that of the former Azabu Ward, presently consisting of nine official districts:
Azabu-Jūban 麻布十番, Azabudai, Azabu-Nagasakachō, Azabu-Mamianachō, Nishi-Azabu, Higashi-Azabu, Minami-Azabu, Moto-Azabu and Roppongi.
It is known as Tokyo's most expensive upscale residential district; many artists, business people, and celebrities reside there.
- History
The name Azabu literally means hemp cloth. Until the early Edo period, the area was agricultural. Archaeological evidence indicates that the area was inhabited as far back as the Jōmon period. The Juban Inari shrine (formerly known as Takechiyo Inari) was constructed in AD 712, the temple of Zenpuku-ji in 824,
and the Hikawa Shrine in 939 (on orders of Minamoto no Tsunemoto).
The area became urbanized in the 17th century,
after Tokugawa Ieyasu established his seat of government in nearby Edo.
Azabu soon became home to the Juban Horse Grounds, Edo's largest horse market.
In 1859, the first United States delegation in Japan was established at Zenpuku-ji.
- source : more in the wikipedia

. Hikawa Jinja shrines 氷川神社 .

A group of 100 Koga ninja members 甲賀百人組 settled in Kanda in Edo, in
Koogamachi 甲賀町（こうかまち） Koga Machi, Koga Village.
This placename was kept until 1933, when it was renamed to
神田駿河台一、三丁目 Kanda Surugadai Ichi - Sanchome.
And Kogaichoo in Azabu 麻布の笄町（こうがいちょう）は「甲賀町 Koga-cho・伊賀町 Iga-cho」was named after the Koga and Iga ninja.
. Surugadai　駿河台 .

. Azabu Nana Fushigi 麻布七不思議 seven wonders of Azabu .

.......................................................................

Azabu Kita Higakubo 麻布北日ヶ窪町
To the South is the river 古川 Furukawa, there is a valley up to the Roppongi Hills.
In the Edo period there lives Samurai and townspeople together. There were also the busy temple areas of
麻布正信寺 Azabu Shoshin-Ji
and
麻布教善寺 Azabu Kyozen-Ji.
The estate of 毛利甲斐守邸 Lord Mori Kai no Kami was also in this area, the Mori Park is a historical landmark to our day.

ヒルズの毛利庭園 Mori Koen park in Roppongi Hills
- reference source : azabusaiken.ttcbn.net/machi... -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Azabuichibeichoo 麻布市兵衛町 Azabu Ichibei district, Azabu Ichibee
Azabuichibei, Azabu Ichibei machi, azabuitibei
Minato ward, part of Roppongi 1 and 3 sub-district, Roppongi 4 sub-district
港区六本木一丁目の一部、六本木三丁目の一部、六本木四丁目

This small district borders on many other small districts in this hilly area and has access via many steep slopes.

Around 1610, it was part of the village 今井村 Imai mura, called 今井台町 Imaidai village.
In 1695, it was named after the village headman, 黒沢市兵衛 Kurozawa Ichibei.
In the beginning of the Edo period, there was a small okabasho 岡場所 red-light district, which was abolished during the Tenpō no kaikaku 天保の改革 Tenpo reform in 1840.
In 1869, part of the temple area of 麻布陽泉寺 Azabu Yozen-Ji was added and the name changed to 麻布市兵衛町 Azabu Ichibei, including the first and second sub-district, 麻布市兵衛町一丁目 and 麻布市兵衛町二丁目.
There were some rich estates in the first district, while the second district housed the townspeople and their shops.
During WWII most of the sub-districts was lost in flames, including the official 偏奇館 Henki-Kan, where 永井荷風 Nagai Kafu had lived.

- quote -
Kafu Nagai (1879 - 1959). Writer.
..... His Association with Minato City
Lived in seclusion by naming his painted house Henki-kan.
Nagai lived in a two-story timber house in Azabu Ichibei-cho (now 1-chome Roppongi) in 1920 and named the house “Henki-kan” because it was painted. He started his life of seclusion in this Western-style house with an extended kitchen and no shoji screens, sliding paper doors, or tatami mats.
The Great Tokyo Earthquake occurred in 1923, but the house fortunately received no fire damage, only a few fallen roof tiles.
..... In 1945, however, the house was destroyed in the Great Air Raids of Tokyo, and he lost his books, except for his diary and a briefcase containing his rough draft of a novel. Twenty?six years of his time in Henki-kan had ended, and until his death in 1959 at the age of 79, he never returned to Minato Ward. .....
- source : lib.city.minato.tokyo.jp/yukari... -

. Kafu the Scribbler, by Edward Seidensticker .

- quote -
Nadare-zaka なだれ坂　"Landslide slope"
The name of this slope has been written using different kanji, but it received its name because there had been a landslide.
It was also known as Kokoku(-ji)-zaka , Sachikuni-Zak and Ichibei-zaka.
Between 3-2 and 3-4 Roppongi
- source : minato-ala.net... -

- quote -
Ichimi-zaka 市三坂 "Ichi-Mi slope"
A new slope road opened around the year Meiji 20. It connected two sub-districts:
Ichibei town named after the village headman and 三河台町 Mikawadai-machi where the 松平三河守忠直 Matsudaira, Govenor of Mikawa, Tadanao's residence stood,
used the first kanji character from each town to make this road's name.
- source : ractive-roppongi.com... -

- quote -
Princess Kazu (和宮親子内親王 Kazu-no-miya Chikako naishinnō
(1846 - 1877)
... A series of tragedies hit Princess Kazu between 1865 and 1867. Her mother, who followed her to Edo to keep her company, died on 10 August 1865, followed by her husband shōgun Iemochi, who died in Osaka while commanding the Chōshū Expedition on 20 July 1866. She became a Buddhist nun, receiving the title of Seikan'in-no-miya (静寛院宮)[1] on 9 December 1866, but just a few weeks later her brother Emperor Komei would also pass away. ...
Seikan'in arrived in Tokyo in 1874 and she took up residence in the home of Katsu Kaishū, in the mansion in Azabu ichibei-cho.
She remained there until her death in 1877 of beriberi, at the young age of 31. Her grave is at Zōjō-ji, in Minato, Tokyo.
- source : wiki/Princess_Kazu... -

- quote -
The Strange Tale of Oyuki, 1993 film
Faced with a bout of ill health, global traveller, western-educated novelist Kafu Nagai (1879-1959) began to chronicle sundry episodes in his life, as well as thoughts and observations of contemporary Japanese society, in a series of intimate journals that would eventually span the early half of 20th century. Based on A Strange Tale from East of the River, Nagai’s semi-autobiographical novella, the events presented in The Strange Tale of Oyuki begins in 1920, as a middle-aged Nagai (Masahiko Tsugawa) having recently moved into a new residence in Ichibei in the Azabu district, attempts to impress his doting mother (Haruko Sugimura) – the only relative who accepts his excessive and disreputable lifestyle – by painting the house in time for her arrival.
- source : filmref.com/2017... -

. Persons and People of Edo - Personen .

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Azabuipponmatsuchoo , Azabuipponmatsu 麻布一本松町 Azabu Ipponmatsu district "one pine tree"
元麻布一丁目, 二丁目 Moto-Azabu, first and second sub-district

Around 1670, Ipponmatsu was created in the former Azabu mura 麻布村 Azabu village.
In the beginning there were many Samurai estates and temples, but later the townspeople and merchants took over.

Edo Meisho Zue

The print shows the compound of the temple 長伝寺　Choden-Ji and close to it many shops.
There was also a tea stall and next to it an old large single matsu 松 pine tree.
This tree was also called kanmuri matsu 冠松 "crown pine tree"
and provided shadow for the travelers.

source : deepazabu.blogspot.com/2013...

The old pine tree was destroyed by a fire in 1772, but has been replaced several times after that. The present tree was planted after WWII.

. matsu 松 pine tree - information .

.......................................................................

江戸の華名勝會 / 江戸の花名勝会 Edo no Hana Meisho E - Sanbangumi 三番組
The Flowers of Edo: A Collection of Famous Places
An entertaining feature of the Edo-no-Hana Meisho-e prints is the use of double meanings, which often relate to place names, within the text that accompanies many of the famous landscape scenes.
..... The reference to the constant threat of flames in the city is also reinforced in each of the prints, by the display of the troop name, number and emblem of the firemen responsible for protecting the relevant Edo district pictured. Moreover, as fire-fighters were admired as great examples of enthusiasm and bravery, they were likely considered as much a Flower of Edo as any popular Kabuki actor or fashionable Ukiyo-e print artist of the period. .....
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

..............................................................................................................................................

. Azabu Nana Fushigi 麻布七不思議 seven wonders of Azabu .
Several legends surround Ippon-Matsu,
for example, it is also called "Kanmuri-no-Matsu" and "Shugetsutei-no-Hagoromo-no-Matsu."
There is also a common belief that offering sweet sake in a bamboo cylinder to the tree will help cure a cough and the tree is called one of the seven wonders of Azabu. These legends and superstitions are thought to stem from the belief that gods resided in the giant trees lining the old roads. Today's pine trees were planted by the local community association after the war.

Tanukizaka　狸坂　
It is said that a tanuki (raccoon dog) sometimes appeared and bewitched people. The slope is also called Asahi-zaka　(morning-light slope), because it slopes upward toward the east. With Ippon-Matsu, one of the seven wonders of Azabu, as a landmark, there are four slopes branching off:
Tanuki-zaka, where the tanuki is said to have appeared;
Daikoku-zaka, site of Daiho-ji, a temple dedicated to Daikokuten, one of the Seven Gods of Good Fortune;
Kurayami-zaka, a slope that was always dark because of the trees covering it; and
Ippon-matsu-zaka, named for the lone pine tree. At the top of Ippon-matsu-zaka stands Hikawa-jinja (shrine) dedicated to Bishamonten (god of war).

..............................................................................................................................................

Azabu Ipponmatsu-zaka 麻布一本松坂 Ipponmatsuzaka slope, Ipponmatsu slope

. saka, sakamichi 坂道 the many slopes of Edo .

- reference source : deepazabu.blogspot.com/2013 -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Mamiana, 麻布狸穴 Azabu Mamiana district "hole of a Mami badger" .
- and
Azabu Nagasakachoo, Azabu-Nagasakachō 麻布永坂町 Azabu Nagasakacho district
No sub-districts
板倉永坂町 Itakura-Nagazakacho and 麻布永坂光照寺門前 Azabu Nagazaka Kosho-Ji Monzen

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Roppongi 六本木 Roppongi district, "six trees"

- quote -
... famous for the affluent Roppongi Hills development area and popular night club scene. A few foreign embassies are located near Roppongi, and the night life is popular with locals and foreigners alike. It is in the central part of Tokyo, south of Akasaka and north of Azabu.
The name "Roppongi", which appears to have been coined around 1660, literally means "six trees".
Six very old and large zelkova trees used to mark the area; the first three were cleared, and the last were destroyed during World War II.
Another legend has it that the name comes from the fact that six daimyo Lords lived nearby during the Edo period, each with the kanji character for "tree" or a kind of tree in their names. Roppongi was not extensively populated until after the Meiji Restoration, although the area was trafficked for centuries and served as the site of the cremation of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada's wife in 1626.
In 1890,
the Third Imperial Guard of the Imperial Japanese Army was moved to a site near Roppongi (now home to the Pacific bureau of Stars and Stripes). The influx of soldiers led to the area's rise as a nightlife district, briefly interrupted by the Great Kanto earthquake which flattened the area in 1923. Roppongi was administratively part of Azabu Ward from 1878 to 1947.
... Starting in the late 1960s, Roppongi became popular among Japanese people and foreigners alike for its disco scene, which attracted many of Tokyo's entertainment elites. Contributing to the international scene was the location of several foreign embassies and foreign corporate offices in the Roppongi area. However, many dance clubs shut down in the recession following the market crash of 1989.
The Roppongi area received a major economic boost in 2002–2003 when the Izumi Garden Tower and the Roppongi Hills high-rise complexes were completed. These projects brought high-end office and condominium space to Roppongi for the first time. The Tokyo Midtown project, which was completed in 2006, and includes the first Tokyo Ritz-Carlton Hotel, continued this trend. ...
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　麻布市兵衛町 Azabu Ichibei

kitsune 狐 the fox
In June 1752, the maid servant of a villager of Azabu Ichibei village was suddenly possessed by a fox. They tried all kinds of exorcism, but nothing helped.
The fox seemed to live in 松平紀伊守様屋敷 the estate of Matsudaira, Governor of Mikawa.
His daughter was from the Inari shrine of 石川近江守様屋敷の稲荷, his wife from the Inari shrine of 山王町の稲荷.
So they built a small Inari shrine to honor the fox family and prayed for the protection from fires.

..............................................................................................................................................

- reference : nichibun yokai database -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

冬空や麻布の坂の上りおり
fuyuzora ya Azabu no saka no agari-ori

this winter sky -
I walk up the slope
in Azabu

永井荷風 Nagai Kafu

..............................................................................................................................................

昔麻布大山道の桔梗かな
野村喜舟 Nomura Kishu (1886 - 1983)

. kikyoo 桔梗 Platycodon grandiflorus .
- - kigo for autumn - -

石焼藷に雪降る麻布中之橋
Azabu Naka no Hashi

有働亨 Udo Toru (1920 - 2010)

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

4/30/2018

sakamichi slopes

東京23区に700以上存在する「名前の付いた坂道」を実際に歩いて集めたサイトです。
- source : tokyosaka.sakura.ne.jp...
Check out the detailed list of 740 slopes on this page !

Bunkyo ward 文京区 - 117
Minato ward 港区 - 118
Shinjuku ward 新宿区 - 91

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- collecting -

Bunkyō ward 文京区 Bunkyo ward
. Yayoizaka, Yayoi-zaka 弥生坂 Yayoi slope .
- also called 鉄砲坂（てっぽうざか）Teppozaka

Chiyoda ward 千代田区
. Kasumigaseki-saka　霞ヶ関坂 the Slope of Kasumigaseki .
. Koogazaka　甲賀坂 Kogazaka .
. Kudanzaka 九段坂 . - 飯田坂 Iidazaka / 飯田町中坂 Iidamachi Nakazaka

Meguro ward 目黒区
. Chayazaka 茶屋坂 Chayazaka "Tea Stall Slope" .
. Kakinokizaka 柿の木坂　/ 柿ノ木坂 / 柿木坂 Kakinoki slope .
- and Tanukizaka 狸坂

Minato ward 港区
. Akasaka 赤坂 "the red slope" district .
. Azabu Ipponmatsu-zaka 麻布一本松坂 Ipponmatsuzaka slope, Ipponmatsu slope .
. Imoaraisaka 芋洗坂 .
. Nadare-zaka なだれ坂　"Landslide slope" .
- and Ichimi-zaka 市三坂 "Ichi-Mi slope"
. Mita　三田 /　御田 / 美田　"Three Rice Fields" .
日向坂、神明坂、綱の手引坂、綱坂、安全寺坂、潮見坂、聖坂、蛇坂、幽霊坂、伊皿子坂、魚籃坂

Mita ward 三田区
. Gyoranzaka 魚藍坂 / 魚籃坂 .

Oota, Ōta 大田区 Ota ward
. Hakkeizaka slope 八景坂 .

Shibuya ward 渋谷区
. Doogenzaka, Dōgenzaka 道玄坂 Dogenzaka slope .
. Fujimizaka, Fujimi-zaka 富士見坂 .
- - - . Fujimizaka in 田園調布 Denenchofu .

Shinagawa ward 品川区
. Zeemusu saka, Zēmusu-saka ゼームス坂 Zemusu "James" slope .

Shinjuku ward 新宿区
. Ichigaya Oosaka 逢坂 / 逢坂 / あいざか - "slope of the meeting" .
. Ichigaya Sanaizaka 市谷左内坂 .
. Kagurazaka - Kagurasaka 神楽坂 "Slope of the Music of the Gods" .
- - - - - Ushigome Kagurazaka 牛込神楽坂
. Tsunokamizaka 津の守坂 .

Yotsuya 四谷区
. Kaigyojizaka 戒行寺坂 Kaigyoji slope .

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- - - - - #edosakamichi #sakamichi #slopesedo #edoslopes - - - -
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

4/29/2018

Nerima ward

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Nerima　練馬区　Nerima ward

- quote
Nerima-ku, "Training Horses ward" is a special ward in Tokyo. The ward refers to itself as Nerima City.
As of 1 May 2016, the ward has an estimated population of 721,858, with 323,296 households and a population density of 15,013 persons per km². 121.6% of the ward's population is over the age of 65.
The total area is 48.08 km².
- History
In the Edo period, the area was mostly farmland producing vegetables like daikon radishes, gobo burdocks, and potatoes. After the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, many people from central Tokyo moved to the area.
In October 1, 1932, Nerima town, and Kami-Nerima, Naka-Arai, Shakujii and Ōizumi Villages were incorporated in Old Tokyo City. Prior to the creation of the ward on August 1, 1947, the area had been part of Itabashi. In 1952, the Japan Self-Defense Forces established a base there. The first division of the eastern group of the Ground Self-Defense Force has its headquarters there. The United States Forces Japan already had a base, Grant Heights, which it returned to Japanese control in 1973. Grant Heights had been Narimasu airfield under the Imperial Japanese Army until the end of World War II. The runway is now the main street in front of the IMA department store in Hikarigaoka
- source : wikipedia

- quote -
下練馬村（しもねりまむら）Shimo-Nerima mura
- 現在の北町、錦、平和台、氷川台、早宮 Hayamiya、羽沢、栄町、桜台、練馬
- Hayamiya 早宮 / Hikarigaoka 光が丘
上練馬村（かみねりまむら）Kami-Nerima mura
- 現在の田柄、光が丘 Hikarigaoka - see below （一部）、春日町 Kasuga、高松 Takamatsu,、向山、貫井 Nukui
中新井村（なかあらいむら）Naka-Arai mura
中村（なかむら）Nakamura
- 現在の中村北、中村、中村南
谷原村（やわらむら）Yawara mura
- 現在の谷原 Yawara, 、高野台 Takanodai, 富士見台 Fujimidai
田中村（たなかむら）Tanaka mura
- 現在の南田中 Minami-Tanaka,、三原台の一部 Miharadai
下土支田村（しもどしだむら）Shimo-Doshida mura
- 現在の旭町 Asahi cho, 土支田 Doshida,、光が丘の一部 Hikarigaoka
上土支田村（かみどしだむら）Kami-Doshida mura
現在の東大泉 Higashi Daisen、三原台 Miharadai（2、3丁目の一部）、大泉町 Daisen （2丁目の一部）
下石神井村（しもしゃくじいむら）Shimo-Sakujii mura
- 現在の石神井町 Shakuji 、下石神井、上石神井南町
上石神井村（かみしゃくじいむら）Kami-Shakujii mura
- 現在の石神井台 Shakujidai、上石神井
関村（せきむら）竹下新田（たけしたしんでん）Seki mura, Takeshita shinden
- 現在の関町北 Sekimachi kita,、関町南、関町東、立野町 Tateno cho
橋戸村（はしどむら）Hashido mura
- 現在の大泉町 Oizumi cho
小榑村（こぐれむら）Kogure mura
- 現在の大泉学園町 Oizumi Gakuen cho, 西大泉 Nishi-Oizumi、南大泉 Minami-Oizumi
上板橋村（かみいたばしむら）Kami-Itabashi mura
- 現在の小竹町 Kotake cho、旭丘 Asahioka
武蔵国（むさしのくに）Musashi no kuni、豊島郡（としまぐん）Toshima district、新座郡（にいざぐん）Niida district
- reference source : city.nerima.tokyo.jp/annai... -

.......................................................................

- quote -
..... Before Tokugawa Ieyasu, there was Ōta Dōkan.
Before him there was the Toshima-shi 豊島氏 Toshima Clan and the Edo Clan.
練 neri training, kneading // 馬 (u)ma horse
- One of the oldest stories, documented from the Kamakura Period says that sometime between 700 and 800, there was a road connecting 武蔵国 Mushashi no Kuni Musashi Provice and 下総国 Shimōsa no kuni Shimōsa Province. On that road the Toshima clan had a shukueki 宿駅 a horse relay station. The name of the relay town was Norinuma, 乗沼 ride-swamp”. This etymology claims that because the area was a wetland it had many lakes and, well, you could refresh your horses there, too. The local accent changed “Norinuma” to “Nerima” and eventually the kanji was changed to ateji.
- Another theory says vassals of the Toshima family were training horses here. This is the most believable story, though it isn’t attested as early as the previous theory. So the name “training horses” is literal.
- Another literal theory says some dude was stealing horses and keeping them here and then training them for resale. This kind of etymology, while entertaining, is unlikely IMO.
- Another clay theory uses an alternate meaning of the kanji 練 neri. The kanji can also mean “knead” as in “knead bread” or “knead clay.” Supposedly there was an abundance of great clay for pottery making and the place was famous for kneading clay. This etymology says the name was originally Neriba 練場 Kneading Place. There are many examples of diachronic changes and dialect variants where ば ba becomes ま ma (and vice-versa). So linguistically speaking, it’s not impossible. On the site of the former Nerima Village (present day 貫井 Nukui), archaeologists discovered a type of kiln which was rare in the Edo-Tōkyō area.
- Another clay theory claims that the dirt and clay in the area was sticky as if it had been kneaded professionally. Thus the area was called Neriba, 練場 just as in the theory I just mentioned. Over time the pronunciation changed from Neriba to Nerima. The clay hypotheses are intriguing.
- or
The Shakujii Basin lowlands were an expanse of lakes and swamps and so if you looked at water filled rice-paddies they looked really deep, as in “deep to the roots.” 根 ne root + 沼 numa swamp, marsh = Ne no numa 根の沼 root deep swamp, which changed to 根沼 Nenuma root swamp. Eventually Nenuma changed to Nerima and the kanji was changed to ateji.
- source : japanthis.com/2013... -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Hayamiya 早宮 Hayamiya district .

. Hikarigaoka 光が丘 / 光ヶ丘 Hikarigaoka district .

. Kasugachoo 春日町　Kasugacho District, Kasuga-Cho

. Shakujii Kōen 石神井公園 Shakujii River Park .

. Nerima daikon 練馬大根 radish from Nerima .

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Nukui 貫井（ぬくい） "pulling out a well" village
上練馬村 Kami-Nerima / 貫井一丁目 - 五丁目 Nukui from 1 to 5 sub-districts

When Kobo Daishi Kukai visited the area, the villagers were suffering from a severe water shortage.
So he slapped is walking staff into the ground and thus water begun gushing out of the new well.
There was also a swamp, 貫井の沼 Nukui no Numa and a river, 貫井川 Nukuigawa.

Now there are various sub-districts, 本貫井 Hon-Nukui, 東貫井 Higashi-Nukui, 西貫井 Nishi-Nukui, 南貫井 Minami-Nukui, 北貫井 Kita-Nukui, 向貫井 Mukai-Nukui, 中貫井 Naka-Mukui.

. Kobo Daishi Kukai 弘法大師　空海 . (774 - 835) .

The people from 貫井町 Nukui say, at a home where hitodama 人魂 a supernatural fire ball has fallen down, there will soon a child be born.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Nerima 練馬区

. Yamata no orochi 山田の大蛇 huge monster serpent .
a legendary 8-headed and 8-tailed Japanese dragon.

.......................................................................

. keyaki 欅と伝説 Legends about the Zelkova tree .
and daija 大蛇 huge serpent
In the compound of the shrine 白山神社 Hakusan Jinja there were two zelkova trees. One of them showed a kind of kaika 怪火 ghost fire on the 25th day of the 12th month in the 12th year of the Showa period.
The other zelkova tree has a huge serpent around its trunk in the summer of 1929.

.......................................................................

. kitsune densetsu 狐と伝説 fox legends .
At a temple there lived an old fox. He had been calling out a fire warning two or three times and thus helped the villagers to live without a major fire destruction.
That is why they called it
hikeshi Inari 火消稲荷 Firefighter Inari Fox

. hikeshi 火消 firefighters, firemen in Edo .
There are other Shinto Shrines in Japan called
火消稲荷神社 Hikeshi Inari Jinja.

.......................................................................

sakana 魚 fish
At 石神井の池 the pond in Shakuji Park there lived a strange fish, each of its scales looked like a torii 鳥居 gate of a Shinto shrine.
During flooding this fish is swept out to the surrounding rice and vegetable fields. The villagers revere it as a messenger of the deity of Shajuji Shrine and never catch it.

. 石神井神社 Shrine Shakuji Jinja .
Shakujii Kōen 石神井公園 Shakujii Park

.................................................................................　Toshima ward 豊島区

. ubugami 産神 "deity of one's birthplace" .
If a woman was born in 池袋村 Ikebukuro village (former Nerima district) and is disrespectful to the deity of her birthplace, her home would be punished with disaster and misfortune.
Therefore most women of this district looked for a wedding partner here and never ventured out.

..............................................................................................................................................

- reference : nichibun yokai database -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - - - H A I K U and S E N R Y U - - - - -

盆の月あげて練馬に森のこる
bon no tsuki agete Nerima ni mori nokoru

looking up at the moon
during O-Bon rituals - the forest of Nerima
is still there

宮津昭彦 Miyatsu Akihiko (1929 - 2011)

. Bon Festival お盆 O-Bon, Obon .
- - kigo for early autumn - -

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

- - - To join me on facebook, click the image !

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

. Edo bakufu 江戸幕府 The Edo Government .

. Famous Places and Powerspots of Edo　江戸の名所 .

. Doing Business in Edo - 商売　- Introduction .

. shokunin 職人 craftsman, craftsmen, artisan, Handwerker .

. senryu, senryū 川柳　Senryu poems in Edo .

. Japanese Architecture - Interior Design - The Japanese Home .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- - - - - ###edonerima ###nerima - - - -
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::